The field performance of frontal air bags: a review of the literature

This article presents a broad review of the literature on frontal air bag field performance, starting with the initial government and industry projections of effectiveness and concluding with the most recent assessments of depowered systems. This review includes as many relevant metrics as practicable, interprets the findings, and provides references so the interested reader can further evaluate the limitations, confounders, and utility of each metric. The evaluations presented here range from the very specific (individual case studies) to the general (statistical analyses of large databases). The metrics used to evaluate air bag performance include fatality reduction or increase; serious, moderate, and minor injury reduction or increase; harm reduction or increase; and cost analyses, including insurance costs and the cost of life years saved for various air bag systems and design philosophies. The review begins with the benefits of air bags. Fatality and injury reductions attributable to the air bag are presented. Next, the negative consequences of air bag deployment are described. Injuries to adults and children and the current trends in air bag injury rates are discussed, as are the few documented instances of inadvertent deployments or non-deployment in severe crashes. In the third section, an attempt is made to quantify the influence of the many confounding factors that affect air bag performance. The negative and positive characteristics of air bags are then put into perspective within the context of societal costs and benefits. Finally, some special topics, including risk homeostasis and the performance of face bags, are discussed.     

烧结机尾“电改袋”除尘器数值模拟

针对现有"电改袋"除尘器不易实现在运行中更换滤袋且内部气流分布不均匀等问题,结合某烧结厂190 m2"电改袋"工程实例,提出一种可以在运行中更换滤袋的分室式"电改袋"除尘器结构,并利用CFX软件模拟其流场。结果表明,烟气由进气烟道进入袋室时速度大小和方向均发生突变,大颗粒粉尘受惯性力和重力作用易被中间灰斗捕集,有效减缓粉尘对滤袋的磨损;滤袋底部附近区域和两侧灰斗内的烟气速度分别小于5 m/s和6 m/s,可有效防止滤袋间的碰撞磨损和灰斗二次扬尘;各袋室的烟气流量分布比较均匀,标准差为0.152。     

袋式除尘器滤袋接缝方法对PM_(2.5)过滤效率的影响

针对袋式除尘器超低排放及对PM_(2.5)细颗粒物的捕集控制问题,选用分别经缝合、热熔两种制袋工艺制作的滤袋进行试验,探讨不同袋身接缝方法对袋式除尘器滤袋PM_(2.5)过滤效率的影响。结果表明:1 m/min过滤风速时,清洁状态下热熔滤袋对PM_(2.5)的过滤效率要比缝合滤袋高12.59%,而集尘状态下随滤袋表面粉尘负荷的不同,热熔滤袋对PM_(2.5)的过滤效率要比缝合滤袋高8.68%~11.18%;随过滤风速增加,缝合滤袋对PM_(2.5)过滤效率的衰减幅度要远大于热熔滤袋;滤袋表面尘饼的形成和分布的均匀性是缩小缝合滤袋与热熔滤袋间过滤效率差距的重要因素。     

应用FDS软件对零售店铺火灾的数值模拟

客运总站等大空间建筑物中的小零售店铺通常会堆放许多可燃物。在此类建筑中都安装用于整个大厅的机械排烟系统似乎不太可行。因此,在店铺中建造了包括水喷淋以及排烟等主动式消防系统的屋顶,着火时挡板将落下封闭店铺。此时应关注在封闭的小空间内发生轰燃的可能性。如果店铺没有完全封闭,烟气可能会扩散到店铺以外的空间。文中用火灾场模拟软件FDS3．1模拟了消防系统启动前店铺内的火灾环境。模拟的结果将有助于评估制定的消防安全条例以及相关的设计参数。研究结果证实了如果着火的店铺没有完全封闭,更大的烟气羽流将会在店铺以外的大空间中形成。此外,文中还对控制店铺火灾用的排烟系统及水喷淋系统的性能进行了评估。     

Air bag effectiveness as function of impact speed

An investigation was conducted to estimate the effectiveness of air bags as a function of velocity. The study consisted of three parts: a theoretical idealization, an analysis of National Automotive Sampling System/Crashworthiness Data System (NASS/CDS), and a reanalysis of previously published Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data. The theoretical analysis looked at idealized risk curves as a function of velocity; assuming that the air bag offers a benefit for both belted and unbelted occupants. Analysis of the NASS/CDS data looked at the effectiveness of air bags as a function of velocity for Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) 3+ injuries. The reanalysis of the previously published FARS data looked at the effectiveness of the air bag as a function of velocity for fatalities. The theoretical analysis indicates that the air bag effectiveness should be greatest at the low velocities. The field data analysis of both NASS/CDS and FARS were consistent with the theoretical analysis, indicating that air bags are most effective at the lower velocities, below 40 kph (25 mph), for both belted and unbelted occupants. Although it was not possible to estimate a different effect for belted and unbelted for fatalities using FARS, it was possible for MAIS 3+ using NASS/CDS. For unbelted occupants the effectiveness goes to zero or becomes negative above 40 kph (25 mph) for MAIS 3+, and for belted occupants the effectiveness stays positive but with significantly lower magnitude for speeds above 40 kph (25 mph).     

大空间内封闭喷漆作业的火灾危险性及消防安全对策研究

以采用封闭喷漆工艺的某喷漆车间为研究对象,分别分析了车间内封闭喷漆室以及敞开空间的火灾危险性。采用多能法进行了喷漆室爆炸冲击波超压计算,发现封闭喷漆作业的火灾爆炸事故会对车间围护结构产生不同程度破坏作用。因此,对大空间内采用封闭喷漆作业的情况,加强消防安全措施十分必要。结合上述火灾危险性定性、定量分析结果和相关标准规范要求,从设置灭火系统、火灾自动报警系统、通风系统、明确安全管理规定等角度提出了相应的消防安全措施建议,为确保此类场所的消防安全提供了技术支持。     

基于CFD对袋式除尘器流场的分析

采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件对袋式除尘器单元气流组织进行数值模拟分析,给出了 沿滤袋高度方向过滤风速的分布,以及袋间隙气流抬升速度在不同高度上的分布特征,为袋式除尘器的改进和设计提供理论依据.     

滤筒式除尘器的改进及在白云石除尘中的应用

反吹风袋式除尘器存在运行阻力高、滤袋寿命短、排放浓度高等缺点.论述了利用改进滤筒、增设导流装置等一系列技术措施,提高滤筒式除尘器技术性能,从而用滤筒除尘技术对反吹风除尘器进行改造达到节能减排的效果.     

Testing Sleeping Bags According to EN 13537:2002: Details That Make the Difference

The European Standard on sleeping bag requirements (EN 13537:2002) describes a procedure to determine environmental temperature limits for safe usage of sleeping bags regarding their thermal insulation. However, there are several possible sources of error related to this procedure. The main aim of this work was to determine the influence of the various measuring parameters on the acuity of the respective parameters in order to judge the requirements. The results indicated that air velocity, mattress insulation and time between unpacking the bag and measurement had a significant impact on the result, with a difference of up to 5–15% in thermal insulation between minimum and maximum allowable parameter levels. On the other hand, manikin weight, thickness of the artificial ground and presence of a face mask were found to have a negligible influence. The article also discusses more general aspects of the standard including the calculation methods used.     

Thoracic Response and Trauma in Air Bag Deployment Tests with Out-of-Position Small Female Surrogates

The Hybrid III 5th percentile female dummy and seven small female cadavers were instrumented and tested as out-of-position drivers in static air bag deployment tests. Tank test pressure profiles were used to characterize inflator peak pressures and pressure onset rates of two production air bags and a prototype dual-stage system prior to their use in the static deployments. In the out-of-position tests, the chest of die surrogate was positioned in direct contact with the air bag module in an effort to create a worst-case loading environment for the thorax. For the cadavers, post-test radiographs and autopsy investigations identified rib fractures as the most common injury and showed that the number of fractures correlated well with maximum chest compression. The Viscous Criteria exceeded 1.0 m/s in nearly all dummy and cadaver tests but did not correlate well with the severity level of observed cadaver injury which was largely determined by hard-tissue rather than soft-tissue trauma. Statistical analysis of the injury, severity relative to the air bag and test parameters suggests that the pressure onset rate of the inflator is more important than peak pressure in determining the severity of out-of-position injuries and should be given primary consideration in inflator depowering efforts. Statistical comparison of dummy and cadaver responses indicates acceptable biofldelity of the Hybrid III small female dummy.     

煤层瓦斯压力测定的合理封孔注浆压力研究

煤层瓦斯压力测定是煤矿安全生产基础参数测定的重要内容之一,测压成功的关键是封孔技术。当围岩裂隙较发育时需要采用压力注浆封孔,注浆压力就成为封孔的技术关键。为了确定一定围岩岩性条件下的合理封孔注浆压力,采用数值模拟的方法对测压钻孔塑性区大小进行了仿真模拟,并根据浆液渗流规律和钻孔围岩性质之间的关系建立了浆液流动数学模型,得出了合理的注浆压力为4MPa,结合新型“两堵一注”囊袋式封孔装置与CPD8M型煤层瓦斯压力自动测定仪进行了现场应用,结果表明4MPa的注浆压力满足平煤十三矿试验现场围岩条件下的封孔要求,对同类条件下瓦斯压力测定具有一定的指导意义。     

Dust collector explosions: A quantitative hazard evaluation method

A methodology is presented to evaluate the explosion hazard of typical bag and cartridge dust collectors. The evaluation accounts for the expected development of suspended dust concentrations greater than the dust MEC during the normal pulsing of the bags or cartridges to remove part of the attached dust. Equations are presented to calculate these concentrations and also the associated partial volume explosion pressures resulting from the ignition of these dust clouds. Five quantitative examples are presented. The methodology also includes considerations of potential upset condition full volume explosions associated with the detachment of about half the dust on the bags or cartridges. A flow chart is offered to implement this hazard evaluation method for special situations in which the need for dust explosion protection may not be obvious.     

Dynamic response characteristics and structural optimization of isolation seal under the impact of gas explosion

Either in the chemical process plants or in the underground infrastructures, the isolation seal is regularly used to separate the working sections and inactive sections, or to isolate the possible explosion sites in order to avoid any domino effects. Due to differences in accumulation space or ignition point locations, pressure on the seal can vary when an explosion occurs. Thus, the safety and reliability of seals are crucial to maintaining safety in process industry. This paper focuses on seals constructed with concrete and loess materials, and examines the dynamic response characteristics of the gas explosion wave on the seal through sample experiments and numerical simulation metods. The study proposes an optimized design for the explosion-proof structure of the wedge-shaped and spherical seal, which can provide a technical basis for the explosion-proof and anti-explosion measures of various sealed walls. These research findings can also serve as a basis for improving the construction quality of seals.     

事故指挥系统的发展与框架分析

事故指挥系统是一种在响应过程中进行指挥、控制与协调的有效工具,它提供了一种政府和私人机构之间的协作的方式,以保护人员生命财产和环境的安全.根据不同的情况,事故指挥系统可能包括安全、信息、联络等. 已经证明, 在普通事件处理和事故的应急响应过程中ICS 使用的原则是非常有效的.本文介绍了ICS的发展历史、主要框架以及随着事故发展而进行扩展的情况.     

胶囊粘液封孔器在测定煤层高瓦斯 压力时失效成因分析

针对采用胶囊粘液封孔器在测定煤层高瓦斯压力过程中,容易出现胶囊被顶出或密封失效等情况,根据多次实践经验,建立了封孔器与瓦斯室、岩石孔壁间整个密封系统的力学平衡方程,分析了胶囊被顶出的原因;通过假设建立了高压瓦斯气体侵入微孔隙模型,给出了泄漏气体侵入时的流量微分方程,并从能量角度分析了气体侵入和逸出微孔隙过程;建立了封孔系统内高压瓦斯在粘液中的扩散、溶解、析出物理模型,从理论上分析这种装置密封高压气体失效机制。通过多次对比现场实验,给出了采用该装置测压时的安全可信值范围,当煤层瓦斯压力超过3MPa时,最好采用传统封孔工艺进行测定。     

基于Bezier曲线的特殊螺纹密封面参数化设计

为提高油套管特殊螺纹密封性能,优化特殊螺纹密封结构,基于Bezier曲线理论方法,提出1套特殊螺纹球面对锥面密封结构参数化设计方法,并设计了1种基于Bezier曲线理论的特殊螺纹密封结构。通过数值模拟方法,对比分析新型特殊螺纹密封结构与传统球面/锥面密封结构形式密封面上接触应力分布。结果表明:基于Bezier曲线设计的特殊螺纹密封结构可提高密封面接触压力,改善螺纹接头密封区塑性区域分布,有利于提高特殊螺纹接头的抗疲劳性能,有效预防特殊螺纹接头应力腐蚀断裂,为深井、超深井油管柱螺纹接头的密封设计提供参考。     

热蠕变性对除尘滤袋PTFE缝线强力的影响

缝线是影响除尘滤袋寿命及可靠性的重要因素之一,缝线在长期热烟气作用下失效的案例愈来愈引起业界的关注。通过热态拉伸试验研究了热蠕变性对袋式除尘器滤袋用PTFE缝线强力的影响。在持续高温下对PTFE缝线进行拉伸试验,结果表明:PTFE缝线的拉伸断裂强力随温度升高而大幅下降,试验温度在250℃以上时,其拉伸最大载荷仅1~3 N(线密度1 200~1 250 den);PTFE缝线的拉伸断裂伸长率随温度升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在120℃左右达到最大值;高温环境对PTFE缝线的使用寿命有较大影响,缝线能在软化后受到外力作用而断裂失效,在实际工业生产中应给予关注。     

风幕阻止飞机喷漆厂房内可燃气体扩散的数值模拟

应用FLUENT软件中的大涡模拟模型对飞机喷漆厂房内风幕的有效性进行了研究。以某一飞机喷漆厂房内的局部为原型构建网格模型,针对若干种工况,对甲苯蒸气的扩散过程进行了数值模拟,主要研究了甲苯量和风幕速度对甲苯扩散的影响规律。对计算结果进行分析,得到了不同工况下能有效阻止甲苯扩散的临界风幕速度,研究表明在飞机喷漆厂房内设置风幕,只要风幕速度不低于该种工况下的临界风幕速度,就可有效阻止甲苯扩散,降低厂房内可燃气体的爆炸危险性。     

处理高浓度粉尘的除尘器的选择

密相干塔烟气脱硫工艺是一种半于法烟气脱硫工艺,布袋除尘器用来处理该系统中的高浓度粉尘,在国内还没有广泛地应用.通过对布袋除尘器和静电除尘器的技术经济比较,说明布袋除尘器优于静电除尘器,并通过中试验证布袋除尘器在此工艺中的适用性.     

新型封孔材料的性能研究及封孔长度计算

研究聚氨酯硬泡材料的渗透性能和粘结性能,旨在为煤矿瓦斯抽放和煤层注水工艺提供本质安全型的封孔材料,从而提高瓦斯抽放和煤层注水的效果,做好瓦斯、煤尘灾害的预防工作。根据达西定律设计材料渗流量的测试实验,将测定的数据进行线性拟合后,得出聚氨酯硬泡材料的渗透系数为1.00546×10-6cm/s;通过材料的抗压剪切力测试,得出聚氨酯硬泡与煤的粘结强度为387.95kPa;根据封孔模拟实验结果,选择压注药液法作为封孔方法,并根据钻孔受力平衡原则,计算得出由聚氨酯硬泡作为封孔材料的封孔长度至少为0.967m。