某城区重金属扩散模型研究

以As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn为研究对象,探讨了它们在城市土壤的浓度分布特征,并进行了重金属元素的扩散模型研究。分析表明,As、Cd、Hg、Zn存在3个污染源,Cr存在一个污染源,Cu、Ni、Pb存在2个污染源.而且Cr和Ni存在相同的污染源,Hg和Pb,Cr和Cu以及Cu和Cd也存在相同的情况。     

上海市苏州河支流--桃浦河底泥重金属的污染特征

对桃浦河底泥15个柱样(75个样品)测试分析了8种金属元素.结果表明,这些金属元素的平均含量都比较高,超标顺序为Zn＞Cu＞Cd＞Hg＞Pb＞As＞Ni＞Cr,均高于苏州河的浓度.除As、Hg与其他元素的相关性较小外,Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr等之间均具有较为显著的相关性,相关系数介于0.616～0.890间.沿河各段重金属污染程度不同,上游和下游污染最严重.底泥金属的垂直分布与其底质沉积特征相对应.这在底泥疏浚时应具体考虑.     

天津市PM_(2.5)分布特征及重金属化学形态分析

通过采集天津市大气颗粒物样品,研究了颗粒物浓度及粒径分布随时间变化的特征,并采用改进BCR法对PM2.5中重金属的形态进行了分析。结果表明:PM2.5浓度冬季明显高于其他季节;PM2.5与PM10的比例冬季最高,夏季次之,春、秋季节基本持平;PM2.5中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd主要以弱酸提取态存在,Cr以可还原态、残渣态为主要形态,Ni主要以可氧化态、残渣态形态存在;6种元素中,Cd、Zn生物有效性最高,Pb、Cu生物有效性居中,Ni、Cr生物有效性最小。     

粉煤灰和纤维陶粒重金属浸出特性研究

以粉煤灰、作物秸秆、外加药剂为试验材料经多重工序制得秸秆-粉煤灰纤维陶粒(简称"纤维陶粒"),为考察其作为水处理滤料的安全性,以原灰作对比,测定了粉煤灰及纤维陶粒中8种重金属(Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni)质量比,并通过浸出试验分析其浸出特性。结果表明,纤维陶粒中8种重金属质量比均低于原灰,二者重金属质量比从大到小顺序均为Ni、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cd、Hg。除Zn外,原灰重金属浸出量随浸出时间总体呈增加趋势,浸出量从大到小依次为Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Cd、Hg;纤维陶粒重金属浸出量随浸出时间整体呈增大趋势,浸出量从大到小依次为Pb、Ni、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Hg,与原灰相比增加量减少。纤维陶粒浸出液中各重金属浸出量均低于原灰,Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni平均浸出量分别占原灰的56.14%、55.92%、86.17%、64.17%、47.50%、99.51%、40.74%、58.93%。原灰重金属最大浸出率从大到小为Hg、Cd、Pb、As、Zn、Ni、Cu、Cr;纤维陶粒重金属最大浸出率从大到小为Hg、Cd、Pb、As、Ni、Zn、Cu、Cr,Hg和Cr分别为最易和最难浸出重金属。与原灰相比,纤维陶粒中8种重金属质量比、重金属浸出量和最大浸出率均有所降低,能在一定程度上减少重金属向水溶液中的浸出,提高了其作为水处理滤料的安全性。     

北京典型污染过程PM2.5的特性和来源

通过采集北京2010年12月—2011年3月冬春季节大气细颗粒物PM2.5样品,分析了冬春季典型污染时段灰霾和沙尘期间大气细颗粒物PM2.5的质量浓度和其中元素、水溶性离子、有机组分OC和EC特性,及其季节变化和来源.结果表明,北京灰霾和沙尘期间PM2.5日均质量浓度分别高达301.8 μg/m3和284.8 μg/m3,是美国EPA PM2.5日均质量浓度限值(35 μg/m3)的8.62倍和8.14倍.灰霾时段,人为污染元素(S、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Sb、Pb)、二次无机离子(NH4+、NO3-、SO42-)和二次有机碳(SOC)的质量浓度均高于沙尘天气和非污染天气.沙尘天气时地壳元素(Na、Mg、Al、Ca、Fe等)的质量浓度高于灰霾天气和非污染天气.北京冬春季节PM2.5主要来源于燃煤和工业过程、二次转化、地面扬尘、机动车尾气和生物质燃烧.灰霾污染时段二次转化贡献率较高,沙尘污染时段地面扬尘贡献率较高.     

基于GIS的农田土壤重金属空间分布研究

以浙江省慈溪市快速城镇化的小城镇为研究区,研究其农田土壤中重金属的含量与分布状况.采用ArcGIS中的地统计分析模块研究土壤中重金属分布的空间变异性,最后应用Kriging方法进行空间插值作图.结果表明,研究区土壤中的重金属含量均已超出当地的背景值,含量变异系数较大的重金属是Hg和Cu,中等变异的是Zn,其他几种重金属变异系数相对较小.空间分布上,Cu、Cd、As的空间相关性较强,Zn、Ni、Hg居中,而Cr和Pb较弱.插值结果显示,土壤中Cu、Zn和Pb的高含量区主要位于东南部,Cd、Hg和Ni的含量由南向北逐渐减少,As和Cr的分布为西部高而中部较低,不同的分布特征是人类活动与土壤母质双重影响的结果.     

重庆万州夏冬季PM_(2.5)中重金属污染特征

为了解重庆市万州城区典型季节PM2.5中重金属的浓度特征,在夏冬季采集环境空气中的PM2.5,并分析Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd的浓度及污染特征。除Ni的平均浓度夏季高于冬季外,万州城区冬季PM2.5中的Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd的平均浓度均高于夏季。富集因子分析显示,Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd的富集因子值(EF)均大于10,且冬季大于夏季,即除土壤源外,人为污染严重。SPSS分析各重金属元素间浓度的相关性,在置信水平为0.01时,Pb和Cd的浓度显著相关,Cu、Ni和Cr三元素浓度显著相关,表明Pb和Cd以及Cu、Ni和Cr可能主要来自相同的污染源。     

北京市沙河水库沉积物重金属分布特征及扩散通量估算

对北运河上游沙河水库沉积物中典型重金属元素的污染特征进行了分析,采用Lars H¨okanson潜在生态风险指数评价了重金属的污染程度和环境风险,并利用一维孔隙水扩散模型(Fick定律)估算了微量重金属在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量。结果表明,沙河水库沉积物重金属质量比随深度增加均呈现明显下降趋势,以库心区最明显。沉积物中Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均质量比分别为49.8 mg/kg、42.8 mg/kg、42.9 mg/kg、18.3 mg/kg、167.9 mg/kg,除Pb外均超过北京市土壤自然重金属质量比近2倍。库心区重金属污染最为严重,表层沉积物中Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn质量比分别超过北京市土壤自然背景值2.8、4.3、2.6、5.9倍。各采样点综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)以库心区最大,为49.9,但所有样点RI及均值都低于150,处于低潜在生态风险状态。随深度增加沉积物孔隙水中Cr质量浓度基本保持恒定;As质量浓度呈明显增加趋势,即存在孔隙水中As向上覆水释放;Zn、Ni和Cu质量浓度随深度增加呈下降趋势,并逐渐趋于稳定。Cr、Zn、As、Ni、Cu在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量分别为13.05μg/(m2·d)、-20.89μg/(m2·d)、108.4μg/(m2·d)、-35.67μg/(m2·d)、-5.11μg/(m2·d)。     

梵净山野生红菇矿质元素分布特征及土壤相关性分析

为了开发利用梵净山自然保护区内野生红菇资源,需了解区内野生红菇中矿质元素质量比范围、分布和富集特征,并探究野生红菇菌盖和菌柄中矿质元素与土壤环境的相关性.本文采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定5种野生红菇菌盖、菌柄和根际土壤中12种矿质元素K、Ca、Na、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe、Cd、Hg、Pb、As质量比,通过转移系数(TF)评价矿质元素在野生红菇菌盖和菌柄中的分布特征,并用菌盖、菌柄生物富集系数(BCFc、BCFs)评价野生红菇菌盖、菌柄对矿质元素的富集能力,最后用pearson相关系数评价野生红菇菌盖和菌柄与土壤环境相关性.结果表明:K是野生红菇菌盖和菌柄中质量比最高的大量元素,Fe是野生红菇菌盖和菌柄中质量比最高的微量元素.野生红菇菌盖中K、Mg、Cu、Mn、Cd和Hg质量比大于菌柄(TF＞1),而野生红菇菌柄中Na质量比大于菌盖(TF＜1).野生红菇菌盖和菌柄富含人体必需常量元素和微量元素,但菌盖和菌柄中As、Cd、Hg和Pb元素质量比与国家限量标准对比,均超过限量标准,这与野生红菇的生长环境有关.梵净山野生红菇极具开发利用潜力,但在开发过程中,应重视有毒重金属带来的健康风险.     

保定城市土壤重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

为了解保定城市土壤重金属污染状况及潜在生态危害,以保定城市土壤为研究对象,采用单因子指数法、尼梅罗综合指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对保定城市土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明,保定城市土壤As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均值分别为9. 75 mg/kg、0. 18 mg/kg、0. 21 mg/kg、38. 99 mg/kg、66. 30 mg/kg、29. 10mg/kg、122. 36 mg/kg、28. 05 mg/kg。保定城市土壤中重金属元素平均值(除As、Ni、Cr外)均高于河北省土壤背景值,其中Hg、Pb、Zn元素的平均值较大,分别是河北省土壤背景值的5. 28倍、1. 74倍、1. 75倍,表明这些元素受到人为因素及工业活动的影响。保定城市土壤重金属污染程度从大到小依次为Zn、Pb、Hg、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、As,其中Cd、Pb、Cu以清洁状态为主,Hg以安全状态为主,As、Cr、Ni元素处于完全清洁状态,Zn元素出现污染,面积达到研究区面积的2. 08%。整体而言,保定城市土壤环境良好,局部污染,清洁、安全、警戒土壤面积比例分别为64. 58%、33. 33%、2. 08%,主要出现在保定市北部地区,其形成可能与工业生产及人类活动有关。保定城市土壤重金属潜在危害程度由大到小依次为Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni。各重金属元素中,产生潜在生态危害的重金属主要是Hg,已达到很强潜在生态危害水平,其余重金属均为轻度潜在生态危害;综合潜在生态危害指数(RI)达到中等生态危害程度,达到强生态危害和很强生态危害程度的面积之和占研究区总面积的35. 41%,其形成可能与工业生产有关。     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

Risk Assessment in the Working Environment in Estonia

The first step to chart hazards in the working environment in Estonia (labour force: 0.65 million) was taken by the National Board of Health Protection in the beginning of 1996.

The existing chemical, physical, and biological agents in the working environment were investigated with the help of local health inspectors in all counties. An identification of hazards and workers at risk was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that 16% of Estonian industrial workers are exposed to different hazards: 20,000 persons are exposed to noise, 11,000 are working in the conditions of vibration, 10,000 are affected by unsatisfactory microclimate, 6,000 complain about long-lasting work in a compulsory posture, the overexertion of eyes is suffered by 5,500 persons, and physical overload by 3,500 workers. In the group of chemical hazards the greatest numbers of workers are exposed to organic dust (6,500) and welding aerosols (5,400), followed by petroleum products (2,700), and oil-shale dust (4,300). The measurements of working conditions showed that an average of 30.3% of the results are above the standards. Proposals for the improvement of the situation in occupational safety and health are presented.     

我国化学品安全技术说明书(SDS)的管理现状研究

从分析我国化学品安全技术说明书的监管现状出发,研究对比了我国和国外在SDS覆盖化学品的范围、审核监督制度以及信息保密机制等管理技术方面的不同做法;指出我国对化学品安全技术说明书的监管在这三方面存在缺陷和不足;提出加强和完善化学品安全技术说明书的监管是提高我国化学品安全监管水平的重要手段;认为借鉴欧盟、美国和加拿大等国家的先进做法拓宽需要编制SDS的化学品范围、建立化学品安全技术说明书第三方检测制度、加强监督、完善信息保密机制将对促进我国的化学品安全监管水平具有重要意义。     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

Working Conditions in Small Private Enterprises in Poland

The study deals with working conditions in small private enterprises in Poland. Data come from 50 small enterprises from the Warsaw area. Information about the evaluation of working conditions and the existence of programmes for their improvement was gathered with the help of questionnaires addressed to employees and employers. The results constitute a ‘photograph’ of the Polish reality at the beginning of its transition from planned to market economy. The study revealed a lack of programmes for the improvement of working conditions in a significant number of the enterprises studied as well as little interest in occupational safety on the part of employers (owners).

The study also revealed that all decisions—including those about the improvement of working conditions—were made by employers. Hence, the need for the widest possible dissemination of knowledge on occupational safety and the protection of human in the working environment with particular stress put on employers. Employers who are knowledgeable in this field and who are aware of its importance can significantly influence the improvement of working conditions in small enterprises.     

Features of fatal injuries in older cyclists in vehicle–bicycle accidents in Japan

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and better understand the features of fatal injuries in cyclists aged 75 years and over involved in collisions with either hood- or van-type vehicles.

Methods: This study investigated the fatal injuries of cyclists aged 75 years old and over by analyzing accident data. We focused on the body regions to which the fatal injury occurred using vehicle–bicycle accident data from the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA) in Japan. Using data from 2009 to 2013, we examined the frequency of fatally injured body region by gender, age, and actual vehicle travel speed. We investigated any significant differences in distributions of fatal injuries by body region for cyclists aged 75 years and over using chi-square tests to compare with cyclists in other age groups. We also investigated the cause of fatal head injuries, such as impact with a road surface or vehicle.

Results: The results indicated that head injuries were the most common cause of fatalities among the study group. At low vehicle travel speeds for both hood- and van-type vehicles, fatalities were most likely to be the result of head impacts against the road surface.

The percentage of fatalities following hip injuries was significantly higher for cyclists aged 75 years and over than for those aged 65–74 or 13–59 in impacts with hood-type vehicles. It was also higher for women than men in the over-75 age group in impacts with these vehicles.

Conclusions: For cyclists aged 75 years and over, wearing a helmet may be helpful to prevent head injuries in vehicle-to-cyclist accidents. It may also be helpful to introduce some safety measures to prevent hip injuries, given the higher level of fatalities following hip injury among all cyclists aged 75 and over, particularly women.     

Trends in occupational injuries and fatality in Turkey

Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of occupational injuries in Turkey using epidemiologic criteria such as incidence mortality and fatality/all injuries recorded – rates. Materials and methods. Safety and health data were obtained from the Annual Statistic Books of the Social Insurance Institution (1988–2006) and Social Security Institution (2007–2011) of Turkey. Results. The results from the official data showed that although total employment is increasing the number of occupational injuries and incidence and mortality rates are decreasing. The results also demonstrate that occupational fatality/all injuries recorded – rate is increasing. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate per 1000 injuries increased to 25.5 in 2011 from 8.6 in 1988. Each work day an average of five people died because of occupational injuries. Discussion and conclusions. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate (the number of fatal cases per 1000 occupational injuries) is an important indicator of the injury rate for a country. Systems of occupational injury and illness surveillance constitute a critical resource for the management and reduction of occupational injuries and illness.