中小企业职业危害现状及对策

目前我国的职业病统计以大中型企业为主,小企业和私人企业作为职业病高发场所则缺乏有效监管。通过对600余家各类中小企业进行调查,根据各行业存在的主要职业有害因素,分析了中小企业职业危害现状以及企业的职业安全与健康管理体系建设情况,并提出了相应的改进措施。     

基于《施工企业安全生产评价标准》的水利水电施工工程项目重大危险源评价

水利水电施工工程项目重大危险源不同于其他危险化学品等行业重大危险源的评价.施工工程项目的安全性和可靠性既取决于施工工程各单元的危险性,还与施工现场安全管理和施工企业安全生产能力有关.目前,我国尚缺乏水利水电施工工程项目重大危险源的评价标准,为了研究水利水电施工工程项目重大危险源的评价,采用作业条件危险性分析方法,对施工工程的危险性进行评价,然后根据行业标准《施工企业安全生产评价标准》( JGJ/T 77-2010)的取值方法和权重标准对施工企业安全生产综合能力进行评价,使用企业安全生产综合能力评价因子作为管理抵消因子,最终确定施工工程重大危险源.结合某水利水电工程项目的实际,进行了应用分析,结果表明,该方法能比较准确、客观地描述施工类工程项目的重大危险源评价.     

尾矿库事故隐患及风险表征与防控方法*

为解决尾矿库安全隐患及风险,应用基于证据(Evidence-based)方法和事故树分析模型,辨识并表征尾矿库事故影响因素、隐患及耦合状态,根据事件发生可能性、潜在后果严重性和受体暴露程度相关独立参数,给出尾矿库事故风险表征方法,建立尾矿库事故多情景、多阶段（3段）、多层次和多等级（4级）风险防控框架。结果表明:对尾矿库5类事故（溃坝、漫顶、渗流、输送冒漏、库区扬尘）进行分析,得出基本事件或蛰伏隐患对尾矿库事故结构重要度或影响程度,给出尾矿库事故风险3维表征方法,并结合巴西布鲁马迪尼奥尾矿库进行实例应用,确定尾矿库风险等级（最高级4级）,验证方法可行性与有效性。研究结果可为尾矿库减灾防灾提供理论支撑与实践指导。     

重大危险源监测预警实用性平台的研究与实践

以正在实施中的"江苏省重大危险源监测预警中心"科技公共服务平台项目为背景,提出江苏省重大危险源监测预警的宏观框架建设构想;根据我国在安全生产领域强化重大危险源监管的总体要求,从深化、完善重大危险源监控体系建设出发,将重大危险源监督管理划分为两大体系,即基于网络化的固定重大危险源监控体系和基于GIS,GPS的移动重大危险源监控体系,以及配套的重大危险源装置检测与预警系统、事故原因鉴证与仿真系统、重大事故隐患整治系统;同时需要有相应的技术基础研究与重大危险源基础数据与重大事故隐患评估整治数据系统作为技术支持。该项研究与实践是落实"科学发展观"、以科学技术来支撑安全生产监管成效的重大举措,必将对江苏省和全国的安全生产事业产生积极影响并具有重大现实意义。     

重大危险源动态监管与应急救援平台建设研究

由于缺乏相关的国家及行业标准规范,各地重大危险源监管与应急救援平台建设中主要存在如下问题:其一,只重视硬件建设,而忽视软件和信息建设;其二,重大危险源安全监管数据采集标准不统一,采用的相关软件和硬件技术不规范,难以在各级平台间实现数据共享。笔者参照重大危险源4级监管与应急救援体系,将国家科技攻关课题的相关研究成果同安全生产工作的实际需要有机地结合,提出重大危险源动态监管和事故应急救援平台建设方案。分析我国重大危险源监管及应急救援系统的建设现状及存在的主要问题;提出平台的设计原则、实现数据共享的主要思路;设计软件系统总体规划及各部分的功能。     

基于精益建造的施工安全隐患的识别与控制模型

精益建造体系把非增值活动定义为浪费。产生非增值活动的行为/状态即为浪费源。浪费源是安全隐患寄生的界面,为安全隐患的积累提供了场所,当隐患积累到具备事故发生的条件,则安全系统就处于失衡状态。因此运用认知系统工程识别安全隐患寄生的界面,以意识到系统状态为核心原理,识别出安全系统的状态,分析系统出现失衡的原因,不断进行反馈及学习,最终形成一个灵活的识别系统,最后通过精益建造体系方法来消除这些寄生界面。     

The business cycle and the incidence of workplace injuries: evidence from the U.S.A

Introduction

The current study explored the association between the business cycle and the incidence of workplace injuries to identify cyclically sensitive industries and the relative contribution of physical capital and labor utilization within industries.

Method

Bureau of Labor Statistics nonfatal injury rates from 1976 through 2007 were examined across five industry sectors with respect to several macroeconomic indicators. Within industries, injury associations with utilization of labor and physical capital over time were tested using time series regression methods.

Results

Pro-cyclical associations between business cycle indicators and injury incidence were observed in mining, construction, and manufacturing but not in agriculture or trade. Physical capital utilization was the highest potential contributor to injuries in mining while labor utilization was the highest potential contributor in construction. In manufacturing each effect had a similar association with injuries.

Conclusion

The incidence of workplace injury is associated with the business cycle. However, the degree of association and the mechanisms through with the business cycle affects the incidence of workplace injuries was not the same across industries.

Impact on Industry

The results suggest that firms in the construction, manufacturing, and mining industries should take additional precautionary safety measures during cyclical upturns. Potential differences among industries in the mechanisms through which the business cycle affects injury incidence suggest different protective strategies for those industries. For example, in construction, additional efforts might be undertaken to ensure workers are adequately trained and not excessively fatigued, while safety procedures continue to be followed even during boom times.     

Use of association rules to explore cause–effect relationships in occupational accidents in the Taiwan construction industry

Most models of the incidence of occupational accidents in the construction industry are composed of multiple factors. Although statistical techniques can be used to infer cause-and-effect relationships among these factors, the large number of factors involved and the complexity of the relationships among them make it difficult for managers to identify potential hazards in construction projects and thus develop effective safety procedures. This study addresses this problem by using the association-rule method of data mining in performing an analysis of 1347 accidents in the Taiwan construction industry during the period 2000–2007. The association-rule method enables potential cause-and-effect relationships to be identified among the many factors that play a role in occupational accidents in the construction industry. The study finds that such accidents tend to occur when certain combinations of hazards are present – especially working in high places without protective measures, loss of balance when in motion, failure to use protective equipment, insufficient experience, and injurious contact with unstable structures. These hazards are especially evident in small enterprises with less than 10 persons. The results can help management to formulate effective safety policies with regard to management shortcomings and staff training.     

Prediction of thermal hazards from fireballs

Various models of fireball diameter have been evaluated by statistical techniques. The model of Gayle for fireball diameter estimation showed good agreement between the predicted and experimental data. The models relating to fireball duration, transmissivity and view factor have been selected based on their relative merits. A user interactive computer program has been developed to predict thermal hazards from fireballs in chemical process industries.     

Workers’ compensation claim counts and rates by injury event/exposure among state-insured private employers in Ohio, 2007–2017

Introduction: This study analyzed workers’ compensation (WC) claims among private employers insured by the Ohio state-based WC carrier to identify high-risk industries by detailed cause of injury. Methods: A machine learning algorithm was used to code each claim by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) event/exposure. The codes assigned to lost-time (LT) claims with lower algorithm probabilities of accurate classification or those LT claims with high costs were manually reviewed. WC data were linked with the state’s unemployment insurance (UI) data to identify the employer’s industry and number of employees. BLS data on hours worked per employee were used to estimate full-time equivalents (FTE) and calculate rates of WC claims per 100 FTE. Results: 140,780 LT claims and 633,373 medical-only claims were analyzed. Although counts and rates of LT WC claims declined from 2007 to 2017, the shares of leading LT injury event/exposures remained largely unchanged. LT claims due to Overexertion and Bodily Reaction (33.0%) were most common, followed by Falls, Slips, and Trips (31.4%), Contact with Objects and Equipment (22.5%), Transportation Incidents (7.0%), Exposure to Harmful Substances or Environments (2.8%), Violence and Other Injuries by Persons or Animals (2.5%), and Fires and Explosions (0.4%). These findings are consistent with other reported data. The proportions of injury event/exposures varied by industry, and high-risk industries were identified. Conclusions: Injuries have been reduced, but prevention challenges remain in certain industries. Available evidence on intervention effectiveness was summarized and mapped to the analysis results to demonstrate how the results can guide prevention efforts. Practical Applications: Employers, safety/health practitioners, researchers, WC insurers, and bureaus can use these data and machine learning methods to understand industry differences in the level and mix of risks, as well as industry trends, and to tailor safety, health, and disability prevention services and research.     

浅议人的意识与事故发生规律的关系

从人的意识和个人因素事故致因模型出发,探讨了潜在危险存在的情况下,人的意识活动过程和个人因素与事故发生之间的联系;分析了不同的意识状态下,个人因素对于潜在危险的感知认识的作用和影响以及由此而决定的工作行为的安全程度,以及相应的预防对策.     

基于层次分析法的事故隐患模糊综合评价研究

根据某市重特大事故隐患评估的实际情况,结合其不同特点将其分为7大类,4种等级。以泄漏类事故隐患为例,建立了泄漏类事故隐患评估指标体系,对事故隐患的影响因素进行量化,利用层次分析法确定评价指标的权重,采用模糊综合评价方法对其进行评估,计算出隐患等级。评估结果与实际评估结果相一致。该方法已在实际工作中得到了验证,对重大事故隐患的评估有一定的参考作用。     

Characteristics and hazards of electrostatic discharges in air

In the assessment of electrostatic hazards in the process industries, a great deal of emphasis has been placed on the determination of energies in spark discharges. There are, however, other electrostatic discharge phenomena where this approach has severe limitations. The purpose of this paper is to describe the state-of-the-art with respect to electrostatic discharges in gases (air). An in depth review of the literature has been made, and the various types of discharges are tabulated and discussed.     

设备检修中的伤害特征与防范措施

针对设备检修中伤亡事故的多发问题,根据有关冶金企业伤亡事故统计情况,对设备检修中主要的危险危害因素及伤害特征进行了分析,在此基础上,就如何防止检修中的伤亡事故提出了防范措施。     

建筑企业员工职业病危害认知影响因素的调查分析

随着建筑行业的持续快速发展,建筑企业作业场所中的职业病危害呈现出高发性、复杂性和持续性等特点.通过针对建筑企业员工的实际状况设计调查问卷获取第一手资料,并运用SPSS17.0统计软件建立相关分析、回归分析等模型进行数据分析,可以得知建筑企业作业场所员工遭受职业病危害的可能性与对安全知识的了解程度、从业时间、性别及文化背景这四个因素的线性相关性.通过对建筑企业作业人员职业病危害的调查与分析,辨识出影响职业病危害的人为因素,提出相关的建议措施以改善建筑企业作业场所职业病危害严重的局面,提高建筑企业员工自我保护意识,增加其职业病危害防护知识,减少职业病危害事故的发生.     

事故树分析法研究反应堆退役中的放射性危害

反应堆退役的安全性是退役活动的关键。退役中产生的放射性危害,不仅能直接对公众造成伤害,更可能对环境造成长久危害。采用事故树分析法对反应堆退役过程中的放射性危害进行研究探讨,并结合实际退役案例,对事故与导致事故发生原因之间的逻辑关系进行分析。结果表明：引起放射性事故发生的原因较多,既有内照射危害又有外照射危害。在分析基础上,提出了预防及治理措施,从而推进反应堆退役工作的顺利进行,保障人、物及环境的安全。     

Risk analysis of an LPG storage facility in India

An assignment to carry out a hazard study and risk analysis of a gas processing complex has been described briefly, wherein well known procedures have been used to identify and investigate potential hazards. A method of avoiding unintentional overfilling of LPG storage tanks has been recommended, which utilizes the existing level control instruments.     

危险源的概念辨析

在现代安全科学理论中,危险源是人们认识事故形成机理的重要因素。但在学术研究领域,目前对于危险源的描述和表达并不统一。这不利于人们在生产活动中应用危险源理论开展事故预防工作。虽然危险源的一些主流概念和分类方法,从不同侧面阐明了危险源的特征和本质,却仍有其局限性。主流的危险源分类方法包括根源危险源和状态危险源、第一类危险源和第二类危险源、固有型危险源和触发型危险源、固有危险源和变动危险源、物质性危险源和非物质性危险源等。基本型危险源和控制型危险源是在传统危险源概念和分类方法基础上,对于危险源本质和特征的新的认识。基本型危险源的本质是能量或危险物质,而控制型危险源导致了前者的约束机制失效。从本质上讲,无论是约束机制自身还是约束机制失效,都是一个控制问题和系统问题。     

一氯二乙基铝装置危险源辨识及预防措施

一氯二乙基铝装置为甲类火灾危险装置。通过对一氯二乙基铝装置工艺流程及各单元工艺特点的详细分析,危险源的辨识从物料危险性、工艺过程危险性、工艺操作危险性等角度展开,从而确定出该装置的重大风险因素。在对一氯二乙基铝装置危险源辨识和分析的基础上,对各工艺单元提出相应的控制措施,预防事故发生。     

基于地震动参数的大型储罐潜在危险性评估方法研究

建设项目安全条件分析中有关自然条件影响分析内容通常采取定性方法加以研究。以地震对大型储罐造成的潜在危险性评估为研究对象,从地震动作用下储罐结构动力响应及破坏特征入手,详细介绍了美国联邦应急管理署(FEMA)开发的HAZUS-MH中的震害危险评估框架及理论模型。重点阐述了地震反应谱、承灾体脆弱性曲线、能力曲线以及需求曲线在危险性评估过程的应用及参数设定。以某大型低温液化气储罐为例,定量计算了地震潜在破坏程度及概率,借此说明该震害危险性评估框架和方法对我国安全评价工作的借鉴意义。