集成DEMATEL/ISM的煤矿工人违章行为影响因素研究

为研究煤矿工人违章行为的影响因素,基于对C煤矿351起事故案例的分析,结合实地调研和访谈,共提取4个方面15个影响因素。用集成决策实验室分析法(DEMATEL)和解释结构模型法(ISM),研究影响因素之间的关系及其对违章行为的影响程度,找出关键影响因素,分析因素间的综合影响关系,构建多级递阶结构模型。结果表明,矿领导对安全的重视程度和安全氛围具有根因素作用;班组长管理、安监人员监督、制度制定、制度执行和教育培训起着桥梁作用;知识与技能、安全意识、工种和工作时间对违章行为产生直接影响;个人传记特点、现场条件、作业设备和作业工具的影响相对较弱。重视根因素的改善有利于从根源上控制和预防煤矿工人的违章行为。     

建筑施工现场作业人员安全培训模式的改进

施工作业人员的违章行为是导致建筑施工安全事故发生的主要原因,如何高效开展作业人员的安全培训是减少违章行为的关键.本文基于实地访谈与问卷调查,总结作业人员安全培训中存在的主要问题并分析原因;基于整体性、针对性、反馈性等原则提出改进方案,建立培训矩阵;依据系统型、柯氏评估等理论从培训需求、计划、实施、评估、监管等方面出发构建模式图;最后应用对比分析法和实证分析法,从培训满意度、"行为安全之星"数量、伤害率3方面对培训模式效果进行验证,结果表明:所构建安全培训矩阵能显著提升培训效果,减少作业人员的违章行为,取得良好效果.     

多方博弈下起重作业人员有意不安全行为致因分析

为有效制定起重作业人员有意不安全行为防范措施,降低人为事故发生可能性,结合演化博弈理论,探讨不同策略选择下施工企业内部管理方、监管方及作业方的得益变化,建立各方期望效益函数;依据复制动态方程,构建多方演化博弈模型,分析各方策略选择演化趋势及均衡点,剖析作业人员有意不安全行为致因,并分别从各方角度制定作业人员有意不安全行为预防措施。结果表明:作业人员有意不安全行为不仅与自身风险、成本有关,且受管理方、监管方决策影响;管理方增加安全投入,提升作业人员事故损失承担比例;监管方选择合理监管方式严格监管作业行为;作业人员进行行为决策时权衡风险、成本、收益及各方决策,将有效减少作业人员有意不安全行为的发生。     

安全培训不是杜绝违章的唯一方法

人员违章的情形一般有3类:一是违章者由于专业知识不足,安全技能缺乏,无法认识到自身的行为属于违章的范畴;二是违章者意识到了违章行为,但在安全与经济效益、材料成本、生产进度等因素相冲突时,选择放弃安全;三是安全相关的理念与方针在生产经营过程中没有得到确立和强调,也没有体现在日常的安全管理之中,导致员工往往忽视安全。结合上述3类违章情形分析,认为安全培训能杜绝违章的观点,其实是默认了所有的违章行为都是由于上述第一类情况引起的。但事实上,并非所有的违章行为都是该原因引起的.     

提高安全意识推进电力安全生产

"十一五"是我国改革发展处于重要的战略机遇期,也是安全稳定矛盾的凸显期,电力企业作为提供普遍服务的国有企业承担着重大社会责任.随着电网规模快速发展,对员工的文化程度、专业知识和操作技能提出了更高要求.但由于种种原因,在供电量突飞猛进、效益不断增长的同时,我们的安全生产基础还比较薄弱,作业现场违章行为仍有发生,职工对安全生产规章制度执行不到位,设备装备水平低等因素制约了安全生产水平进一步的提高.     

提高安全意识 推进电力安全生产

“十一五”是我国改革发展处于重要的战略机遇期，也是安全稳定矛盾的凸显期，电力企业作为提供普遍服务的国有企业承担着重大社会责任。随着电网规模快速发展，对员工的文化程度、专业知识和操作技能提出了更高要求。但由于种种原因，在供电量突飞猛进、效益不断增长的同时，我们的安全生产基础还比较薄弱，作业现场违章行为仍有发生，职工对安全生产规章制度执行不到位，设备装备水平低等因素制约了安全生产水平进一步的提高。     

认知结构变量对起重作业人员违章行为意向的影响

为探究认知结构变量对起重作业人员违章行为意向的影响,基于计划行为理论(TPB),引入风险感知、安全意识和行为经验3个认知结构变量,构建作业人员违章行为意向假设模型;通过统计分析257份有效问卷,验证假设模型;利用结构方程模型(SEM)揭示认知结构变量对起重作业违章行为意向的影响路径。研究表明:安全意识、行为经验、行为态度、主观规范和知觉行为控制对违章行为意向均有显著的正向影响;风险感知通过安全意识、安全意识通过行为经验间接正向影响违章行为意向;风险感知、安全意识、行为经验、主观规范和知觉行为控制均通过行为态度间接正向影响违章行为意向。     

安全氛围、心理资本对空中交通管制员违章行为的影响

为探究导致管制员行为差错的原因,提高管制员的可靠性,基于心理资本理论与社会认知理论,构建安全氛围、心理资本与违章行为的假设模型;采取实证调研的方法收集空中交通管制员行为的相关数据;应用逐步回归的分析方法对空中交通管制员心理资本与违章行为之间的作用关系进行实证研究。结果表明:安全氛围、心理资本对空中交通管制员的违章行为有一定的影响,即安全氛围与心理资本显著正相关,心理资本与违章行为显著负相关;在管理者承诺、安全政策、监管者行为、安全培训影响违章行为过程中,心理资本起部分中介作用;在管理者承诺、安全培训、安全意识、安全政策策影响故意违章行为的过程中,心理资本分别发挥完全中介与部分中介作用;找到了"安全氛围—心理资本—违章行为"的作用机制,将心理资本在安全氛围不同因素对违章行为的影响过程中发挥的作用细化。     

基于ISM和AHP法的矿工习惯性违章行为影响因素研究

为深入研究矿工习惯性违章行为的影响因素及其作用模式,从个体、管理、组织、工作本身等层面建立矿工习惯性违章行为影响因素指标体系。采用解释结构模型(ISM)分析各因素之间的联系,建立3级多层递阶ISM。应用层次分析法(AHP)对结构模型中各因素指标的影响力排序,建立指标综合权重体系。结果表明:表层直接影响因素集中于个体因素和组织因素。中层间接影响因素主要涉及个人传记特征和工作本身因素。深层根本影响因素全部集中于管理因素。安全生产投入、安全教育培训、个体心理状况、个体安全意识、安全管理制度是习惯性违章行为的主要影响因素。建议以加大安全投入力度、增强安全培训多样性、强化管理者的行为等措施,预防和控制习惯性违章行为。     

危化品运输应急救援应对

危化品运输事故具有易扩散、易污染、危害大、损失大、影响大等特点，极易造成重大人员伤亡、环境污染和经济损失。因此，国家制定了严格的危化品生产、经营、储存、运输等方面的法律规定。然而，由于危化品运输种类多、运量大、运输中的违章行为严重，加上运输安全管理受危化品运输企业本身规模小、安全基础薄弱等条件的限制，造成危化品运输事故数量一直居高不下，人员伤亡及财产损失巨大。     

Impact of psychological capital on construction worker safety behavior: Communication competence as a mediator

IntroductionConstruction workers face a work environment of high risk and mental stress. Psychological capital (PsyCap) could influence employee's mental health and work performance. It would be helpful to determine whether PsyCap affects worker safety behavior. However, few studies empirically examined the impacts of the sub-dimensions of PsyCap on the safety behavior in construction settings, reducing the potential practicability of PsyCap to improve workplace safety performance. Thus, this study tested the relationship between sub-dimensions of PsyCap (self-efficacy, hope, resilience, optimism) and safety behaviors (safety compliance, safety participation), while the mediating role of communication competence was also explored. Method: Data were collected from 655 construction workers in China using a psychological capital questionnaire (PCQ). The theoretical model were tested with confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques. Results: Results show that: (a) the self-efficacy dimension of PsyCap positively affected safety compliance and safety participation, while the resilience dimension positively impacted safety participation; (b) the hope dimension was not directly related to safety behaviors, while the optimism dimension negatively associated with safety participation; and (c) communication competence mediated the relationships between the hope and optimism dimensions of PsyCap and safety participation. Conclusions: A multidimensional perspective on PsyCap should be taken while examining its effects on safety behavior and the individual communication competence helps to enhance construction safety. Findings of this study shed lights on safety behavior promotion practices based on the multidimensional model. Initiating flexible psychological capital training and intervention, and strengthening communication skills of construction employees are suggested to improve safety performance in the construction industry.     

Is there agreement between worker self and supervisor assessment of worker safety performance? An examination in the construction industry

Introduction: Individual safety performance (behavior) critically influences safety outcomes in high-risk workplaces. Compared to the study of generic work performance on different measurements, few studies have investigated different measurements of safety performance, typically relying on employees' self-reflection of their safety behavior. This research aims to address this limitation by including worker self-reflection and other (i.e., supervisor) assessment of two worker safety performance dimensions, safety compliance and safety participation. Method: A sample of 105 workers and 17 supervisors in 17 groups in the Chinese construction industry participated in this study. Comparisons were made between worker compliance and participation in each measurement, and between workers' and supervisors' assessment of workers' compliance and participation. Multilevel modeling was adopted to test the moderating effects on the worker self-reflection and supervisor-assessment relationship by group safety climate and the work experience of supervisors. Results: Higher levels of safety compliance than participation were found for self-reflection and supervisor assessment. The discrepancy between the two measurements in each safety performance dimension was significant. The work experience of supervisors attenuated the discrepancy between self- and supervisor-assessment of compliance. Contrary to our expectations, the moderating effect of group safety climate was not supported. Conclusions: The discrepancy between worker self- and supervisor-assessment of worker safety performance, thus, suggests the importance of including alternative measurements of safety performance in addition to self-reflection. Lower levels of participation behavior in both raters suggest more research on the motivators of participatory behavior. Practical applications The discrepancy between different raters can lead to negative reactions of ratees, suggesting that managers should be aware of that difference. Assigning experienced supervisors as raters can be effective at mitigating interrater discrepancy and conflicts in the assessment of compliance behavior.     

中国煤矿员工文化程度及对安全的影响分析

我国煤矿员工文化程度低一直被看作是煤炭企业的安全生产的重要制约因素之一,而把事故归咎于矿工的文化水平也引起了广泛争议。本文通过广泛收集国内外相关文献信息,将我国煤矿员工与美国、加拿大和南非的煤矿员工及国内其他行业的员工文化程度进行对比,发现我国煤矿员工平均收教育年限较国外少3.3年,与国内其他高危行业持平,但低于全国劳动力平均受教育水平。在现场调研数据的基础上,分析了员工文化程度对安全生产的影响情况,发现煤矿员工的文化程度与企业总体安全文化水平呈正相关关系,而且文化程度与煤矿的安全生产状况互为因果。     

基于D-S证据理论的地下洞室作业人员安全行为评价

为系统地评价地下洞室作业人员安全行为水平,综合运用集对分析和D-S证据理论,提出一种基于D-S证据理论的作业人员安全行为评价方法。首先,分析了影响作业人员安全行为的因素,构建包括作业人员安全素养、生理因素、心理因素、作业技术等4个一级指标及16个二级指标的综合评价指标体系,并将安全行为等级划分为4级;其次,采用集对分析处理二级指标的不确定性,产生基本信度分配函数（BPA）;然后,利用D-S证据理论,融合一级指标的BPA,产生最终安全等级隶属度;最后,结合最大隶属度原则和信任准则,确定地下洞室作业人员安全行为等级。以某水电站引水隧洞开挖工程为例,确定该工程中作业人员行为安全等级为z2级,即一般安全,符合工程实际。     

Temporary jobs and the severity of workplace accidents

Introduction. From the point of view of workplace safety, it is important to know whether having a temporary job has an effect on the severity of workplace accidents. We present an empirical analysis on the severity of workplace accidents by type of contract. Method. We used microdata collected by the Italian national institute managing the mandatory insurance against work related accidents. We estimated linear models for a measure of the severity of the workplace accident. We controlled for time-invariant fixed effects at worker and firm levels to disentangle the impact of the type of contract from the spurious one induced by unobservables at worker and firm levels. Results. Workers with a temporary contract, if subject to a workplace accident, were more likely to be confronted with severe injuries than permanent workers. When correcting the statistical analysis for injury under-reporting of temporary workers, we found that most of, but not all, the effect is driven by the under-reporting bias. Conclusions. The effect of temporary contracts on the injury severity survived the inclusion of worker and firm fixed effects and the correction for temporary workers' injury under-reporting. This, however, does not exclude the possibility that, within firms, the nature of the work may vary between different categories of workers. For example, temporary workers might be more likely to be assigned dangerous tasks because they might have less bargaining power. Practical implications. The findings will help in designing public policy effective in increasing temporary workers' safety at work and limiting their injury under-reporting.     

机场安检人员心理授权与违章行为关系研究

为减少民航机场安检人员的违章行为、提升民航机场安全水平,研究民航机场安检员的心理授权与违章行为之间的关系。在心理授权与违章行为关系中加入安全意识、安全动机和安全服从3个中介变量,构建机场安检人员心理授权与违章行为关系的理论假设模型;通过实证研究收集国内机场的安检员相关数据,对已构建的理论假设模型采取结构方程模型(SEM)进行检验。结果表明:机场安检员心理授权与违章行为存在一定相关性,即通过安全意识、安全动机与安全服从对违章行为产生间接影响;心理授权通过违章行为产生间接影响,通过安全意识、安全动机和安全服从的中介作用对心理授权与安全意识、安全动机和安全服从均呈现显著正相关。其中,对于安全动机的影响最大,其次是安全意识,影响最小的是安全服从;安全意识、安全动机和安全服从对于机场安检员的无意识违章、失控违章和故意违章3个维度均呈现显著负相关;安全动机对于违章行为的3个维度产生影响的差异性最小,即安全意识动机越高,机场安检员的违章行为的出现概率就会越低;安全服从与机场安检员的故意违章行为显著正相关。     

Perceptions of personal vulnerability to workplace hazards in the Australian construction industry

Introduction

The importance of risk perception for workplace safety has been highlighted by the inclusion of risk appraisals in contemporary models of precautionary behavior at work. Optimism bias is the tendency to think that negative events are less likely to happen to oneself than to the average person, and is proposed to be related to the reduced use of precautions.

Method

Building on studies of optimism bias for workplace hazards using samples with heterogenous risk profiles, the current study aimed to investigate whether optimism bias is present in a sample of workers exposed to similar workplace hazards. 175 Australian construction workers completed a brief survey that asked them to rate the likelihood of common construction industry hazards occurring to them and to the average worker of the same age doing the same job. Significant levels of optimism bias were found for many hazards (including being electrocuted, being trapped in a confined space, falling from heights, and causing someone else to have an injury).

Results

Optimism bias was not related to perceived controllability, contrary to findings in other domains, yet consistent with findings of optimism bias for workplace hazards. Optimism bias was not found to be related to a reduction in safe work behaviors, though this may be due to difficulties in measuring safe or precautionary behavior, such as social desirability.

Impact on industry

That most workers think that hazards are less likely to happen to them than to the average worker presents a significant problem because it may ameliorate the efficacy of safety programs, yet constitutes a largely unexplored opportunity for improving workplace safety performance.     

基于期望理论的违章管理思维模式探讨

根据对违章行为的产生机理的分析,提出违章行为是违章者心理动机强度和对行为结果实现意图而不发生事故的可能性估计的函数,该违章行为函数与弗洛姆的期望理论有相通之处。弗洛姆的期望理论认为,增强某一目标的效价(V)或者提高某种目标实现的期望值(E),都可以驱动某相应行为的发生。根据违章行为函数和期望理论的分析,可以得出如下结论:降低违章行为者违章动机的强度(I)或者弱化违章行为者对违章成功结果的可能性估计(P)将会抑制违章行为的发生。该结论为在生产实践中有效地开展违章管理,提供了新的思路。     

社会支持对智能化矿井矿工违章行为的影响——缓解职业倦怠和心智游移的方法研究*

为明晰智能化矿井矿工的职业倦怠和心智游移水平以及社会支持、职业倦怠和心智游移对矿工违章行为的作用机理,以366名普通矿井矿工和379名智能化矿井矿工为研究对象进行问卷调查,运用AMOS7.0建立社会支持、职业倦怠与心智游移和矿工违章行为之间的结构方程模型（SEM）。结果表明:智能化矿井矿工比普通矿井矿工的职业倦怠水平和心智游移水平高;社会支持和矿工违章行为显著负相关;社会支持不仅可以直接影响矿工违章行为,还可以通过职业倦怠的独立中介作用以及职业倦怠与心智游移的链式中介作用2条路径间接影响矿工违章行为;有效提高矿工的社会支持可以缓解其职业倦怠水平,进而降低心智游移出现频率,最终减少矿工违章行为的发生。研究结果可为智能化矿井的安全生产管理提供科学依据。     

Work-related injuries of educational support staff in schools

This study aims to describe the characteristics of occupational injuries to educational support staff (service worker) in schools. In this research, 803 injured workers registered in 2015 were analyzed in terms of their gender, age, work experience, school type, work type, accident type, agency of accident, nature of injury and injured part of the body for each occupation. The workers were classified into after-school instructor, custodian and cooking staff. Accidents occurred mainly due to slips (35.6%) on floor/stair or contact with high temperature (18.1%). Also, the workers mostly fractured (41.2%) or had burns (19.3%) on their leg/foot (37.1%) or arm/hand/finger (29.8%). The results showed the difference in characteristics and injury pattern of injured persons for each occupation type, addressing the need for customized preventative measures for each situation. The results of this study can be a baseline in devising policies and guidelines for preventing accidents of service workers in schools.