情绪对驾驶行为影响研究

不良情绪是引发交通事故的因素之一。为预防由驾驶员情绪引发的交通事故,利用3层因果分解(驾驶员神经兴奋—驾驶员原始反应—车辆状态)深入分析情绪对驾驶行为的影响。设计并完成模拟驾驶试验,采集驾驶员高兴、悲伤、愤怒和恐惧4种情绪状态下的心电信号和行车数据;采用基线信号消除方法,分析驾驶员心跳间期、转向角和最大车道偏离在不同情绪下的变化值。结果表明:驾驶员在所有情绪状态下都有明显的交感神经兴奋并伴随着转向角度值增加。在高兴和愤怒情绪状态下,会产生更明显的车道偏离,驾驶员趋向更危险的驾驶行为;在悲伤和恐惧情绪状态下,产生较小范围的车道偏离,驾驶员趋向相对安全的驾驶行为。     

高速公路驾驶员主动疲劳的脑电检测分析

为开发高速公路驾驶疲劳预警系统,保障道路交通安全,基于脑电(EEG)数据功率谱分析方法,探索驾驶员主动疲劳与脑电指标(θ+α)/β的关系,首先,开展模拟驾驶试验,采集21名被试驾驶状态的脑电信号,分析α(8～13 Hz),β(13～30 Hz),θ(0. 5～4 Hz)这3个频段的脑电波,计算脑电合并指标(θ+α)/β;然后,运用瑞典行业疲劳问卷(SOFI),比较驾驶员执行驾驶任务前后的疲劳状态,分析心理测量和脑电测量结果的回归拟合效度。结果表明:在高速公路复杂驾驶任务中,驾驶员脑电合并指标(θ+α)/β呈现下降趋势,同时,(θ+α)/β与驾驶员主观疲劳程度有显著的正向拟合关系,拟合解释率达50%;脑电指标(θ+α)/β可实时预测驾驶员主动疲劳状态。     

驾驶员脑电特性与高原公路线形关系的试验分析

为探讨高原公路线形对驾驶员心理和生理特性的影响,利用生物反馈系统对急进高原公路的驾驶员进行实地行车试验。通过定量分析,分别建立驾驶员β频段脑电(EEG)信号变化值与试验路段海拔、道路线形之间的关系模型。分析结果表明:高原公路驾驶员行车时的β频段脑电信号变化值随路段海拔的升高而增大,它与道路平曲线半径成负相关;纵坡度的变化对β频段脑电信号变化值的影响不显著,线形组合值的增加会导致脑电波频段功率值上升;海拔和线形组合值同时作用时,驾驶员的脑电波频段功率值变化更加显著。     

基于眼-脑生理指标的大型地下洞室驾驶员疲劳演化特征研究

为保障大型地下洞室驾驶安全，提出眼动和脑电双模态驱动的大型地下洞室驾驶疲劳评价方法，探究驾驶员疲劳演化特征。首先，根据实地数据设计大型地下洞室模拟场景，利用驾驶模拟技术开展驾驶试验，实时采集驾驶员的眼动和脑电数据；其次，对数据进行分段处理，基于格拉布斯准则剔除眼动异常数据，通过快速傅里叶变换分解出脑电节律，构建脑电疲劳指数模型；最后，开展不同区段下驾驶员平均瞳孔直径、眨眼持续时间、眨眼频率及θ、α、β节律等指标的差异性分析，以平均瞳孔直径和脑电疲劳指标F为参量，提出基于模糊综合评价的驾驶疲劳度量方法。结果表明，驾驶员的视觉疲劳出现明显早于精神疲劳，而精神疲劳可以更精确地体现影响驾驶状态的内在疲劳。相较于地上路段，驾驶员在大型地下洞室中的疲劳累积更快，呈现反复、波动式上升，且其综合疲劳程度在中后段达到峰值，之后受洞口光亮刺激在末段减弱。     

地铁驾驶员驾驶疲劳状态监测

为监测地铁自动驾驶系统驾驶模式下驾驶员驾驶疲劳状态,以S地铁公司的驾驶员为研究对象,开展驾驶员疲劳主、客观监测研究。主观监测应用《自觉症状调查表》调查并统计分析地铁驾驶员的驾驶主观疲劳感受;客观监测应用Eegosports 64通道无线脑电肌电系统测量地铁驾驶员在各班次、各时间段的脑电(EEG)信号,并结合Matlab工具箱中的EEGLAB分析各班次驾驶员EEG中δ波的频谱图。结果表明:驾驶员驾驶疲劳总体的平均得分为1.8分,即驾驶疲劳有些明显,且晚班和夜班驾驶疲劳比白班的大,从主客观2方面说明驾驶员处于疲劳驾驶状态。     

驾驶员脑电模糊熵与酒后驾车交通事故倾向相关性研究

少数驾驶员适度饮酒后安全驾驶能力不降反升和不同人对酒精作用存在个体差异的事实表明:利用血液酒精浓度(BAC)判定酒后驾车行为的技术方案存在不足。为探索新型量化参数,结合酒后状态诱发试验和模拟驾驶测试,测取12位驾驶员不同程度饮酒后的脑电(EEG)和规范化交通事故倾向指标。结果发现:随着饮酒量的增加,驾驶员左额叶区EEG的瞬时复杂度和长时周期度都增加。结合模糊熵算法构造并计算EEG特征参数。相关性分析表明:在驾驶员从未饮酒到重度饮酒的过程中,其左额叶区EEG模糊熵和规范化事故倾向指标间的平均相关系数为0.76,二者正相关。因此,根据该模糊熵变化能判断其酒后安全驾驶能力的变化。     

基于EEG频谱特征的驾驶员疲劳监测研究

研究表明疲劳驾驶是引发交通伤亡事故的重要原因之一,因此有必要采取相应的预防措施。脑电是公认的睡眠(疲劳)金指标,因此论文提出了基于脑电频谱特征的驾驶员疲劳预测方法。采用了驾驶模拟实验中记录的三路驾驶员脑电信号,并利用驾驶员自评与专家评定两种方式相结合的方法将驾驶数据分为疲劳和清醒。针对脑电中眼电噪声很强的特点,对记录的脑电进行了自适应滤波消噪处理,结果显示可有效滤除眼电伪迹;然后根据脑电的频域特征比较突出且与疲劳相关的特点,从去噪后的脑电中提取出了的75个频谱特征;最后利用这些频谱特征,采用朴素贝叶斯分类的方法建立了驾驶员疲劳监测模型。实验结果表明,该方法能监测出驾驶员84%的疲劳状态。     

情绪对新手驾驶员视觉特性的影响研究

为构建基于驾驶员生理特性情绪识别系统,采用眼动仪等设备对20名新手驾驶员开展不同情绪状态下的模拟驾驶试验,采集高兴、悲伤、愤怒3种情绪状态和无情绪下新手驾驶员的视觉数据,利用Matlab、SPSS软件统计分析新手驾驶员瞳孔变化、眼球扫视、注视点视觉数据.结果 表明:悲伤、愤怒情绪对新手驾驶员瞳孔尺寸分布频率及其变化差异...     

高原公路低氧路段驾驶疲劳脑电信号检测分析

为了解驾驶员在高原低氧路段的疲劳程度,以寻求缓解驾驶疲劳提高行车安全的途径,利用生物反馈检测仪分别对初次与经常进入高原公路低氧路段的驾驶员进行实地行车试验。通过对比不同海拔高度受测驾驶员脑电(EEG)变化特征,选取脑电8~13频段与14~30频段的平均功率比值R作为评价驾驶员疲劳时脑电特性指标R,定量分析海拔、连续驾驶时间对R的影响,同时建立R与海拔、连续驾驶时间之间的关系模型。研究表明:海拔与连续驾驶时间是影响驾驶员疲劳的主要因素,R随着海拔的升高与连续驾驶时间的增长而逐渐变大。初次在高原低氧路段行车的驾驶员表现出的疲劳感强于经常在高原低氧路段行车的驾驶员。     

疲劳影响驾驶员心理旋转能力的ERP试验研究

为探究疲劳对驾驶员心理旋转能力的影响机制,首先开展2 h模拟驾驶任务试验,以诱发驾驶疲劳,并在模拟驾驶任务前后,分别测定驾驶员的心理旋转能力;然后基于试验数据,分析驾驶疲劳前后心理旋转能力行为绩效(反应时间、正确率)和脑电事件相关电位(ERP)成分(P3波幅和潜伏期)的变化及其差异。试验发现,驾驶疲劳引起行为绩效显著降低(反应时延长,正确率降低),脑电ERP的P3成分波幅在顶叶区显著下降、潜伏期显著延长。上述结果表明:疲劳影响了驾驶员在心理旋转过程中对认知资源的分配和加工信息的速度,导致心理旋转能力降低。     

Drivers’ visual scanning behavior at signalized and unsignalized intersections: A naturalistic driving study in China

Introduction: Intersections are the most dangerous locations in urban traffic. The present study aims to investigate drivers’ visual scanning behavior at signalized and unsignalized intersections. Method: Naturalistic driving data at 318 green phase signalized intersections and 300 unsignalized ones were collected. Drivers’ glance allocations were manually categorized into 10 areas of interest (AOIs), based on which three feature subsets were extracted including glance allocation frequencies, durations and AOI transition probabilities. The extracted features at signalized and unsignalized intersections were compared. Features with statistical significances were integrated to characterize drivers’ scanning patterns using the hierarchical clustering method. Andrews Curve was adopted to visually illustrate the clustering results of high-dimensional data. Results: Results showed that drivers going straight across signalized intersections had more often glances at the left view mirror and longer fixation on the near left area. When turning left, drivers near signalized intersections had more frequent glances at the left view mirror, fixated much longer on the forward and rearview mirror area, and had higher transition probabilities from near left to far left. Compared with drivers’ scanning patterns in left turning maneuver at signalized intersections, drivers with higher situation awareness levels would divide more attention to the forward and right areas than at unsignalized intersections. Conclusions: This study revealed that intersection types made differences on drivers’ scanning behavior. Practical applications: These findings suggest that future applications in advanced driver assistance systems and driver training programs should recommend different scanning strategies to drivers at different types of intersections.     

基于多元线性回归的煤矿驾驶员情绪预测模型*

为研究煤矿人车驾驶员情绪状态不良引发的煤矿驾驶事故问题，设计眼动实验并建立基于多元线性回归的驾驶员情绪状况预测模型对驾驶员情绪状况进行预测；通过眼动仪采集煤矿驾驶员良好情绪与不良情绪状态下的各项眼动指标，记录其主观情绪状态；使用多元线性回归方程对数据进行分析与建模，采用平均相对误差对预测模型进行评估。结果表明:每秒注视点个数、平均扫视速度、反应时间、危险源辨识个数在情绪变化前后存在显著差异，且与情绪状态呈较强相关；基于多元线性回归的驾驶员情绪状况预测模型预测精度较高，平均相对误差为8.16%。模型适用于煤矿人车驾驶员的情绪监测，可为煤矿驾驶员安全行驶提供保障。     

Emotions drive attention: Effects on driver’s behaviour

Music is the favourite activity while driving. However, very few studies have investigated its impact on driving performances. This study was designed to assess the effect of music’s emotional valence on driving behaviour. Happy, sad and neutral music excerpts were alternated with no-music phases while driving in a simulator. Results showed that happy music distracted drivers the most as their mean speed unexpectedly decreased and their lateral control deteriorated. Sad music influenced drivers in a different way as they drove slowly and kept their vehicle in its lane. These findings were discussed within the framework of attentional orienting and emotions.     

Assessing the safety criticality of driver behavior toward cyclists at intersections

Abstract

Objective: Detailed analyses of car-to-cyclist accidents show that drivers intending to turn right at T-junctions collide more often with cyclists crossing from the right side on the bicycle lane than drivers intending to turn left. This fact has led to numerous studies examining the behavior of drivers turning left and right. However, the most essential question still has not been sufficiently answered: is the behavior of drivers intending to turn right generally more safety critical than the behavior of those intending to turn left? The purpose of this article is to provide a method that allows to determine whether a driver’s behavior toward cyclists can retrospectively be assessed as critical or non-critical.

Methods: Several theoretical considerations enriched by findings of experimental studies were employed to devise a multi-measure method. This method was applied to a dataset containing real-world approaching behavior of 48 drivers turning right and left at four T-junctions with different sight obstructions. For each driver a behavior-specific criticality was defined based on both, their driving and gaze behavior. Moreover, based on the behavior-specific criticality of each driver, the required field of view to see a cyclist from the right was defined and was set into relation with the available field of view of the T-junction.

Results: The results show that only a small portion of the drivers within the dataset would have posed an actual risk to cyclists crossing from the right side. Those situations with a higher safety criticality did not only arise when drivers intended to turn right, but also left.

Conclusion: Therefore, the analysis can only provide an explanation for the higher proportion of accidents between drivers turning right and cyclists crossing from the right side in certain situations. Further research, for example analyses of exposure data regarding the frequency of turning manoeuvers at T-junctions, is needed in order to explain the higher proportion of accidents between drivers turning right and cyclists crossing from the right side.     

营运驾驶员驾驶事故影响因素仿真研究

解决营运驾驶员驾驶事故频发的不安全行为问题,基于复杂适应系统（CAS）理论和多主体建模与仿真（ABMS）方法,构建营运驾驶员驾驶事故模型。通过调节车辆状况、管理者管理监督水平、营运驾驶员情绪状态、安全教育水平、驾驶经验和环境综合条件等因素,运用NetLogo仿真平台分析安全管理水平、营运驾驶员安全责任意识、心理负荷水平对驾驶事故的影响。研究表明:营运驾驶员驾驶事故的发生系统是一种典型的CAS,营运驾驶员驾驶事故是三大主体属性和行为环境交互的结果,且交互作用程度不同。因此,运输企业要考虑多种因素,采取相应的措施来降低营运驾驶员驾驶事故的发生。     

交通标志语义认知与情绪加工的脑电研究

为了让驾驶员更正确快速地理解交通标志,避免不当驾驶行为,探究驾驶员对交通标志的语义认知和情绪加工过程。采用刺激1-刺激2(S1-S2)试验范式,基于事件相关电位(ERPs)技术和脑电信号(EEG)时频(TF)分析方法,研究交通标志语义一致性和情绪唤醒的客观评价指标。结果显示,交通标志和文字语义不一致条件下,同一时间窗表现出更大的N400和θ波活动,证实了交通标志和文字之间存在较大的语义距离;交通标志和文字语义一致条件下,诱发更大的晚期正成分(LPP);N400、θ波和LPP可以用于判断交通标志的语义距离和情绪唤醒。ERPs结合EEG的TF分析结果能从神经科学的视角解释行为数据,可用于测量交通标志理解度。     

Investigating lane change behaviors and difficulties for senior drivers using naturalistic driving data

Introduction: Lane changes can be a complicated maneuver occurring a dynamic environment requiring the integration of many streams of information. Older drivers may struggle with lane changes which may elevate crash risk. Methods: Real-world lane change behaviors were examined using the Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study database. A total of 393 lane changes were observed for two age groups: middle-aged (30–49), and older (70+) drivers. Results: Older drivers were highly likely to fail to execute an over-the-shoulder glance prior to initiation of a lane change (in 98% of left lane changes and 92% for right lane changes). Older drivers also showed higher rates of OTS glance errors at any point during the lane change in 95% of left lane changes and 86% of right-lane changes. Additionally, older drivers frequently failed to activate the turn signal prior to lane change initiation (60% of lane changes for right changes and 59% for left lane changes). Of the older drivers that made side mirror glances, many occurred after the initiation of the maneuver (46% of left lane changes and 58% of right lane changes) suggesting glances were occurring while changing lanes. Conclusions: Results for older drivers showed that many key glances (particularly side mirror checks) and turn signal actuations observed in the current study occurred after the initiation of the lane change, ostensibly when this action may be too late to gather relevant information and avoid a conflict. Practical Applications: Knowledge of glance patterns during lane changes for older drivers can help older drivers maintain travel mobility as they age. Either through training to reinforce OTS and side mirror glances, or supplemental devices like convex mirrors or oversized rearview mirrors, older drivers can reduce high-risk lane change maneuvers and help older drivers to maintain their mobility and independence longer.     

Impact of primary safety belt laws on alcohol-related front-seat occupant fatalities: five case studies

OBJECTIVE: Impaired drivers and other high-risk road users are less likely to use their safety belts, thus increasing the risk of fatal injury in the event of a crash. Although safety belt laws have been shown to increase wearing rates for daytime non-crash-involved drivers and their front-seat passengers, little evidence is available on the effect these laws have on belt usage by crash-involved drinking drivers and their passengers. METHODS: This study evaluated the influence of primary safety belt law upgrades from secondary laws on front-seat occupants of passenger cars driven by drinking drivers in fatal crashes in five states: California, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, and Washington. The outcome measures used to evaluate these law upgrades were (1) the change in safety belt usage rates of front-seat occupants in passenger cars driven by drinking drivers in fatal crashes and (2) the change in alcohol-related front-seat occupant fatalities in passenger cars driven by drinking drivers. RESULTS: Four of the five states demonstrated increases in safety belt use by front-seat occupants of passenger cars of drinking drivers in fatal crashes following the upgrade to primary safety belt laws. Three states (California, Michigan, and Washington) experienced significant reductions in the number of front-seat occupant fatalities in vehicles driven by drinking drivers. CONCLUSIONS: The adoption of primary law upgrades was associated with significant increases in safety belt use (four of five states) and significant reductions in fatalities among high-risk occupants (i.e., front-seat occupants involved in fatal crashes in vehicles driven by drinking drivers) in three of the five states studied.