壳聚糖季铵盐的制备及其降尘性能研究

以壳聚糖为原料,对其季铵化改性制备了一种新型煤矿用环保降尘剂。主要包括单体3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)的合成与壳聚糖季铵盐（HTCC）的制备。通过单因素试验研究了反应时间、反应温度、碱用量、单体配比等因素对HTCC降尘率的影响,并采用正交实验确定了最佳的工艺合成条件为:m(NaOH)/m(CTA)=1.2,m(CTA)/m(CTS)=3.5,60 ℃下反应10 h;用IR、XRD表征了HTCC。当HTCC投加量为0.4 g/L,pH=6、温度25 ℃时,煤尘去除率达到最大约为94.6%,在降尘领域中有着良好的应用前景。     

煤矿井下喷雾降尘影响因素的试验研究

为提高煤矿井下喷雾降尘效率和改善作业环境,研究相关影响因素与降尘效果间的关系.基于自行设计的喷雾降尘试验系统,采用粉尘质量浓度测定仪对井下常用的螺旋形压力喷嘴在不同喷雾压力、喷嘴直径、风流粉尘质量浓度及巷道风速下的降尘效果进行了系统的测定.结果表明,1)随喷雾压力增加,全尘和呼吸性粉尘的降尘效率均不断增加;但当喷雾压力增加至8 MPa后,继续提高喷雾压力,降尘效率的提高不明显.2)在相同喷雾压力下,随喷嘴直径增加,全尘降尘效率不断增加;而呼吸性粉尘降尘效率先增加后减小,在喷嘴直径为1.5 mm时达到最大值.在耗水量相同的情况下,随喷嘴直径增加,全尘和呼吸性粉尘降尘效率均下降.3)在井下喷雾降尘中,当耗水量不受限制时,为同时确保全尘和呼吸性粉尘的降尘效率,选择直径为1.5mm的喷嘴较为合适;当耗水量受限制时,宜选择直径为1.2mm的喷嘴.4)随风流粉尘质量浓度增加,全尘和呼吸性粉尘的降尘效率均有所提高.5)随巷道风速增加,全尘和呼吸性粉尘的降尘效率均呈现一定程度的下降,且巷道风速对呼吸性粉尘的影响更为明显.对于煤矿井下喷雾降尘,工作面风速对全尘降尘效率的影响并不明显,但对呼吸性粉尘降尘效率有较大的影响.     

综放工作面表面活性剂除尘工艺

通过对表面张力及接触角的测定分析,确定了4种不同类型表面活性剂单体溶液的CMC.通过两两单体复配的原则,对6种复配溶液进行了煤粉沉降与反向渗透实验,确定了降尘用表面活性剂的最优配方为质量分数为0.05%的SAS+CAB-35的复配溶液,同时提出了改进的定量泵试剂添加方法.     

城市植物叶面尘粒径和几种重金属(Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni)的分布特征

为研究城市植物叶面尘粒径及重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni)的分布规律和污染特征,以西安市不同功能区大叶女贞(Ligus-trum lucidum)和小叶女贞(Ligustrum quihoui)叶面尘为研究对象,用激光粒度分析仪测定叶面尘的粒径分布,用原子吸收分光光度计测定叶面尘重金属质量比,并探讨了叶面尘重金属的可能来源。结果表明,大叶女贞和小叶女贞叶面尘粒径小于50μm。前者叶面尘粒径累积曲线呈双峰分布,平均粒径和粒径峰值从大到小为相对清洁区、工业区、居住文教区、交通枢纽区、商业区;后者呈单峰分布,平均粒径和粒径峰值由大到小为工业区、居住文教区、交通枢纽区、商业区和相对清洁区。不同功能区叶面尘中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni有明显的富集,其质量比分别为(325.5±72.6)mg/kg、(3 965.6±1 112.9)mg/kg、(349.2±149.3)mg/kg、(35.3±6.8)mg/kg、(1 182.0±355.1)mg/kg、(324.1±129.5)mg/kg,为陕西省土壤背景值的7.9～20.8、29.7～77.9、2.6～11.1、262.8～489.4、26.4～71.8和6.9～18.9倍。不同功能区2物种叶面尘各重金属质量比差异显著(p<0.001),物种间差异不显著(p>0.05)。叶面尘中Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr的质量比以工业区最高,Cu、Cd以交通枢纽区最高,其次为商业区,居住文教区和相对清洁区负荷最低。研究认为,叶面降尘中的重金属可能来自外源输入。     

松嫩平原百年(1901-2000)气候要素空间变化分析

基于100 a的东英格兰大学气候研究中心(CRU)气候要素资料,采用Arc-GIS软件对数据进行整理,分析了松嫩平原百年(1901—2000)气候变化的时空特征,着重分析空间变化。结果表明,在过去的100 a里,松嫩平原有明显的变暖变湿趋势。1)气温有普遍上升趋势,各地升温幅度在1.46~1.86℃,其中北部地区增温幅度小,西、东、南部边缘地区增温幅度较大;四季升温幅度最大的是冬季,其次为春季。2)降水普遍增多,增长幅度在11~114 mm,并呈现由西向东递增的趋势;四季降水增加最多的是秋季,其次为冬季,夏季基本稳定,春季降水则有小幅减少。3)水汽压普遍增大,呈现由北向南递增的趋势;四季水汽压均有所增加,最明显的为冬季,其次为春季。     

三峡库区典型排污口河段污染物扩散降解特性研究

为减轻三峡库区长寿—涪陵段水环境污染,改善区域水质,建立了以水动力-水质模型为基础的区域关键排污口的筛选分析方法。采用三维数值模型EFDC对研究区域内污染物的超标面积进行模拟计算,并对污染物扩散降解特性进行分析,利用单位污染物负荷超标面积分析不同排污口污染物迁移扩散的差异,进行流域重点排污口的分析筛选。从改善整体河流水质出发,分析了各排污口位置的合理性。结果表明,支流回水区内排污口的混合区面积比干流河段处排污口要大,顺直江段处的排污口的混合区面积较弯段内侧处排污口要小。排污口应选在流速和水深较大的顺直河段,避免选择支流回水区。     

煤巷掘进工作面煤层注水防尘的试验研究

在公司某煤矿一综掘工作面进行现场实验,设计了若干深10m直径42mm注水钻孔,注水压力26-32MPa,时间为15h;而后取芯进行湿润效果检验,注水后降尘效果检验和沿程粉尘浓度、综合降尘效果分析,结果表明:掘进进尺24 m处各个测尘点粉尘浓度都是最低;全尘的降尘率比呼吸性粉尘总体高些;注水后全尘浓度比注水前下降快     

石家庄市采暖季道路降尘PM_(2.5)重金属元素健康风险评价

为了解城市道路降尘中重金属元素对道路环境工作人员和普通上班族在道路环境中的健康风险水平,于采暖季用降尘法收集石家庄市铺装道路尘样品,并利用再悬浮系统将粒径小于2. 5μm颗粒物悬浮至滤膜上,分析PM_(2.5)中载带的Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb等9种重金属元素的健康风险。结果表明:道路降尘PM_(2.5)中重金属3种暴露途径的暴露量顺序由大到小为手-口摄入、皮肤接触、呼吸吸入;产生的非致癌风险在1×10~(-7)～1×10~(-1),对道路环境工作人员和普通上班族不存在非致癌风险;道路环境工作人员的致癌风险R(Cr) 10~(-6),致癌总风险Rtotal 10~(-6),存在致癌风险;普通上班族的Rtotal10~(-6),不存在致癌风险;道路环境工作人员的致癌风险和非致癌风险均大于普通上班族,重金属元素的非致癌风险和致癌风险约为普通上班族7. 7倍。     

气液两相混合发泡降尘新技术的研究与应用

气液两相混合发泡降尘新技术采用压力水、发泡剂、压缩风流经发泡器进行物理发泡进行降尘,技术兼容了水雾与化学抑尘的特点,降尘效率更高.通过设计气液两相混合发泡降尘工艺,制备出了高性能的泡沫,然后通过在尘源周围布置多个泡沫喷头,利用喷头良好的扩散性能将尘源包裹,达到了降尘的目的.现场测试结果表明:在司机侧气液两相混合发泡降尘时全尘浓度由原来的1103mg/m3降低为308.8 mg/m3,呼吸性粉尘由原来的596mg/m3降低为149mg/m3,降尘效率分别为72.4％和75.2％,分别是外喷雾降尘效率的2.52倍和3.08倍,降尘效果非常明显,同时,气液两相混合发泡降尘成本较低,约占总投入的1.8％-2.2％,经济性明显,具有广阔的实用推广性.     

基于铅同位素解析技术的土壤铅污染来源研究

通过分析耕层土壤铅污染的程度,分析耕层土壤铅污染的来源,解析各污染源对土壤铅污染的相对贡献率.以陕西某工业区为研究区域,采集大气降尘、耕层土壤(0 ～ 20 cm)和背景土壤样品,用ICP-MS测定铅元素质量比及同位素比率(206pb/207 pb和208pb/206pb),分析耕层土壤铅污染的来源,结合二元混合模型计算各污染源对耕层土壤铅的贡献率.结果表明,耕层土壤铅质量比范围为21.8 ～ 40.0mg/kg,平均值为27.1 mg/kg;背景土壤铅质量比范围为19.1 ～22.1mg/kg,平均值为21.4 mg/kg;大气降尘铅质量比范围为570.2 ～2 221.7 mg/kg,平均值为1 062.36 mg/kg.该区域铅锌冶炼活动对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为18.43％,焦化厂燃煤对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为9.36％,热电厂燃煤对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为19.71％,背景土壤对耕层土壤的贡献率约为52.5％.背景土壤是耕层土壤铅污染的主要来源.     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

Risk Assessment in the Working Environment in Estonia

The first step to chart hazards in the working environment in Estonia (labour force: 0.65 million) was taken by the National Board of Health Protection in the beginning of 1996.

The existing chemical, physical, and biological agents in the working environment were investigated with the help of local health inspectors in all counties. An identification of hazards and workers at risk was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that 16% of Estonian industrial workers are exposed to different hazards: 20,000 persons are exposed to noise, 11,000 are working in the conditions of vibration, 10,000 are affected by unsatisfactory microclimate, 6,000 complain about long-lasting work in a compulsory posture, the overexertion of eyes is suffered by 5,500 persons, and physical overload by 3,500 workers. In the group of chemical hazards the greatest numbers of workers are exposed to organic dust (6,500) and welding aerosols (5,400), followed by petroleum products (2,700), and oil-shale dust (4,300). The measurements of working conditions showed that an average of 30.3% of the results are above the standards. Proposals for the improvement of the situation in occupational safety and health are presented.     

我国化学品安全技术说明书(SDS)的管理现状研究

从分析我国化学品安全技术说明书的监管现状出发,研究对比了我国和国外在SDS覆盖化学品的范围、审核监督制度以及信息保密机制等管理技术方面的不同做法;指出我国对化学品安全技术说明书的监管在这三方面存在缺陷和不足;提出加强和完善化学品安全技术说明书的监管是提高我国化学品安全监管水平的重要手段;认为借鉴欧盟、美国和加拿大等国家的先进做法拓宽需要编制SDS的化学品范围、建立化学品安全技术说明书第三方检测制度、加强监督、完善信息保密机制将对促进我国的化学品安全监管水平具有重要意义。     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Features of fatal injuries in older cyclists in vehicle–bicycle accidents in Japan

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and better understand the features of fatal injuries in cyclists aged 75 years and over involved in collisions with either hood- or van-type vehicles.

Methods: This study investigated the fatal injuries of cyclists aged 75 years old and over by analyzing accident data. We focused on the body regions to which the fatal injury occurred using vehicle–bicycle accident data from the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA) in Japan. Using data from 2009 to 2013, we examined the frequency of fatally injured body region by gender, age, and actual vehicle travel speed. We investigated any significant differences in distributions of fatal injuries by body region for cyclists aged 75 years and over using chi-square tests to compare with cyclists in other age groups. We also investigated the cause of fatal head injuries, such as impact with a road surface or vehicle.

Results: The results indicated that head injuries were the most common cause of fatalities among the study group. At low vehicle travel speeds for both hood- and van-type vehicles, fatalities were most likely to be the result of head impacts against the road surface.

The percentage of fatalities following hip injuries was significantly higher for cyclists aged 75 years and over than for those aged 65–74 or 13–59 in impacts with hood-type vehicles. It was also higher for women than men in the over-75 age group in impacts with these vehicles.

Conclusions: For cyclists aged 75 years and over, wearing a helmet may be helpful to prevent head injuries in vehicle-to-cyclist accidents. It may also be helpful to introduce some safety measures to prevent hip injuries, given the higher level of fatalities following hip injury among all cyclists aged 75 and over, particularly women.     

Trends in occupational injuries and fatality in Turkey

Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of occupational injuries in Turkey using epidemiologic criteria such as incidence mortality and fatality/all injuries recorded – rates. Materials and methods. Safety and health data were obtained from the Annual Statistic Books of the Social Insurance Institution (1988–2006) and Social Security Institution (2007–2011) of Turkey. Results. The results from the official data showed that although total employment is increasing the number of occupational injuries and incidence and mortality rates are decreasing. The results also demonstrate that occupational fatality/all injuries recorded – rate is increasing. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate per 1000 injuries increased to 25.5 in 2011 from 8.6 in 1988. Each work day an average of five people died because of occupational injuries. Discussion and conclusions. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate (the number of fatal cases per 1000 occupational injuries) is an important indicator of the injury rate for a country. Systems of occupational injury and illness surveillance constitute a critical resource for the management and reduction of occupational injuries and illness.     

Working Conditions in Small Private Enterprises in Poland

The study deals with working conditions in small private enterprises in Poland. Data come from 50 small enterprises from the Warsaw area. Information about the evaluation of working conditions and the existence of programmes for their improvement was gathered with the help of questionnaires addressed to employees and employers. The results constitute a ‘photograph’ of the Polish reality at the beginning of its transition from planned to market economy. The study revealed a lack of programmes for the improvement of working conditions in a significant number of the enterprises studied as well as little interest in occupational safety on the part of employers (owners).

The study also revealed that all decisions—including those about the improvement of working conditions—were made by employers. Hence, the need for the widest possible dissemination of knowledge on occupational safety and the protection of human in the working environment with particular stress put on employers. Employers who are knowledgeable in this field and who are aware of its importance can significantly influence the improvement of working conditions in small enterprises.