The effect of low-pressure environment on solubility of N2 and 02 in the aviation kerosene

主要研究低压环境下,压力、温度对氮气和氧气分别在航空煤油中溶解度的影响。实验装置包括除气装置、吸气平衡装置以及称重装置。由实验结果可知：压力在0MPa～0.1MPa,温度为293.15K,303.15K,313.15K时,氮气和氧气分别在航空煤油中的溶解度与压力呈线性关系、与温度呈非线性关系;氮气在航空煤油中的溶解度受压力的影响比氧气的小,受温度的影响比氧气的大;氧气在航空煤油中的溶解度比氮气的大。     

常见烷烃爆炸特性研究

为了规避在工业和生活中烷烃爆炸事故的发生和提高对烷烃爆炸特性的认识,采用20L 球型爆炸实验装置,测试了常温、0.1MPa条件下甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、正丁烷的爆炸压力.结果表明,随着各烷烃含量的增加,4种烷烃的最大爆炸压力变化趋势为先增大后减小,当在化学反应计量比附近时,达到最大值,4种烷烃最大爆炸压力分别为1.3 MPa、1.2 MPa、1.3 MPa、1.3 MPa.经函数拟合,发现浓度与最大爆炸压力呈抛物线关系且拟合度符合工程要求,且实验测得最大爆炸压力值与理论计算值基本相符.同时利用爆炸特性参数—爆炸指数K评价了4种烷烃的爆炸危害,得出K甲烷＞K丙烷＞K乙烷＞K正丁烷,说明甲烷发生爆炸造成的危害是最大的.     

丙烯燃爆危险性分析

为预防丙烯氧化制环氧丙烷工艺流程中丙烯燃爆危险的发生,利用5 L爆炸极限测试仪测定丙烯在空气中常压不同温度条件下的爆炸极限,得到丙烯在常压下爆炸极限随温度的变化情况;针对丙烯工艺中的典型工况,采用11 L爆轰管测定不同工况温度、压力条件下,丙烯在空气中不同氧含量下的爆炸极限,并以此绘制爆炸极限三元图,得到不同工况条件下"丙烯-氧气-氮气"混合体系的燃爆区域。结果表明:随着温度、压力及氧气含量的升高,丙烯爆炸上限明显提高,但爆炸下限变化不明显;丙烯在80℃、0.24 MPa,130℃、0.96 MPa,40℃、1.90 MPa条件下的极限氧含量(LOC)分别为11.0%,10.2%和10.8%。降低体系中氧气含量有助于预防丙烯燃爆危险的发生。     

氢氧混合气体爆炸临界条件实验研究

可燃气体的燃烧、爆炸是工业生产中常见的灾害性事故,危害极大.通过爆轰管实验装置,采用疏密分布的压力传感器测量氢氧混合气体的爆轰特性,并依据压力和波速在燃烧转爆轰瞬间发生突跃,判断混合气体爆炸的临界条件.实验结果表明,爆炸压力随氢气初始浓度呈∩形变化,50%氢气体积分数为爆炸最佳浓度值;在常温常压下,氢氧混合物爆炸的临界氢气体积分数是15%和90%;化学计量比的氢氧混合气体发生爆炸的临界初始压力为0.01 MPa;氮-氢-氧三元混合气体爆炸的临界氮气体积分数为60%.     

惰性物对爆炸的遏制

利用爆炸激波管技术研究了部分惰性物对爆炸特性的影响。用多通道辐射高温计测量了氮气对汽油爆轰温度的影响。研究表明，增加氮气含量可以较明显地降低汽油爆轰温度。采用化学当量配比氢氧混合物爆轰产生水蒸气的方法研究了水蒸气对汽油爆轰特性的影响。研究表明，水蒸气能明显降低爆炸压力，水蒸气压力增加到0．1MPa时可导致爆炸熄灭；硝基甲烷和氧气混合物中充人氮气后爆炸压力明显下降，采用光多通道分析系统(OMA谱仪)和多台单色谱仪的光谱测量结果表明，反应中间产物的CH3O、CH辐射强度迅速衰减，反应衰竭。     

叔丁醇燃爆危险性研究

为预防叔丁醇氧化制甲基丙烯酸甲酯工艺过程中燃爆危险的发生,利用11L爆轰管测定不同工况温度、压力条件下,叔丁醇在不同氧含量的氧氮混合气中的爆炸极限,得到不同工况条〖JP2〗件下“叔丁醇-氧气-氮气”混合体系的燃爆区域;针对工艺过程中存在水蒸汽的条件,研究了水蒸汽含量对叔丁醇燃爆的影响。结果表明:叔丁醇在80℃、015MPa,170℃、015MPa,280℃、01MPa条件下的极限氧含量分别为159%、153%和135%;随着水蒸汽含量的升高,叔丁醇爆炸极限范围变小,在80℃、015MPa,170℃、015MPa条件下当水蒸汽含量增加到27%和34%时无燃爆现象发生。     

偏二甲肼超临界水氧化动力学研究

利用一套连续式超临界水氧化实验装置,以H2O2为氧化剂,在480～550℃、30 MPa条件下,进行了超临界水氧化偏二甲肼实验,建立了COD去除宏观动力学方程.实验结果表明,在超临界条件下,偏二甲肼氧化分解很快,当温度为550℃、压力为30 MPa、停留时间为5.8 s时,COD去除率可高达93.5%以上.偏二甲肼的去除率随反应温度升高、停留时间延长而提高.在H2O2过量50%的情况下,偏二甲肼氧化分解反应对有机物为1.13级,对氧气为0.29级;反应活化能Ea为44.65 kJ·mol-1;指前因子A为4.93×103.     

新型水处理装备及其响应曲面法优化

为了达到制备富氧水时低能耗、高含氧、易操作的目的,采用静态螺旋切割细分子化技术自主开发设计了富氧水制备装置,并采用响应曲面法研究了富氧水装置的氧气流量、氧气压力、水流量、水压力等4个关键参数对富氧水含氧量的影响。试验结果表明,所测试的富氧水制备装置最优生产工艺参数组合为:氧气流量0. 9 L/min,氧气压力0. 25 MPa,水流量0. 6 m~3/h,水压力0. 4 MPa。优化后制备的富氧水含氧量可达46. 20 mg/L,较优化前含氧量提高了6. 73%,富氧水制备装置的生产性能得到了改善。     

基于FLACS的CH4/CO2/air混合气爆炸参数分析

利用FLACS软件分析初始压力、初始温度对CH4/CO2/air混合气的爆炸温度、最大爆炸压力的影响;并与计算值对比。结果表明:①初始压力对爆炸温度、爆炸前后压力比影响可以忽略。常温变压条件下二氧化碳浓度增加,爆炸温度与爆炸前后压力比基本呈线性降低。常压变温条件较复杂,二氧化碳浓度升高爆炸温度降低;初始温度对低浓度（<15%）二氧化碳混合气爆炸温度几乎没有影响,而高浓度（>15%）二氧化碳混合气爆炸温度随初始温度增加而升高;最大爆炸压力随二氧化碳浓度以及温度升高而降低。②在设定条件下,低浓度（5%~10%）二氧化碳混合气爆炸温度计算值与模拟值相对误差小于5.5%,吻合较好;最大爆炸压力计算值与模拟值相对误差在6.5%～10.5%之间。     

注气条件对CO2置换驱替CH4影响的实验研究*

为研究不同注气压力与注气温度对CO2置换驱替煤层CH4的影响规律,利用Materials Studio分子动力学模拟软件,通过煤体在2元组分混合气体间的竞争吸附量、竞争吸附热及能量分布等变化规律,从微观研究煤吸附CH4与CO2之间的机理,并利用物理实验平台,选用3种高变质程度煤进行注CO2置换驱替CH4实验。结果表明:同一种变质程度煤,随着注气压力或注气温度的增大,置换率呈增长趋势、驱替比呈下降趋势、CO2突破时间变短;相同注气压力与注气温度时煤的变质程度越高,置换效率越大、驱替比越小、CO2突破时间越长。并且注气压力对于CO2置换驱替CH4的效果要优于注气温度。     

Flammability of kerosene in civil and military aviation

The investigation of the ignition conditions of kerosene vapors in the air contained in an aircraft fuel tank contributes to the definition of onboard safety requirements. Civil and military kerosene are characterized by specification. The specification of civil aviation kerosene is based upon usage requirements and property limits. while military kerosene is primarily controlled by specific chemical composition. Characterization of the flammability properties is a first step for the establishment of aircraft safety conditions. Flash point, vapor pressure, gas chromatography analysis, and flammability properties of the kerosene used by the French Military aviation (F-34 and F-35 kerosene) are compared with the flammability properties of civil kerosene. The empirical law established by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in 1998, expressing the ignition energy in terms of fuel, temperature, flash point and altitude is modified and expressed in terms of fuel temperature, flash point and pressure.     

Experimental investigation of spark ignition energy in kerosene,hexane, and hydrogen

Quantifying the risk of accidental ignition of flammable mixtures is extremely important in industry and aviation safety. The concept of a minimum ignition energy (MIE), obtained using a capacitive spark discharge ignition source, has traditionally formed the basis for determining the hazard posed by fuels. While extensive tabulations of historical MIE data exist, there has been little work done on ignition of realistic industrial and aviation fuels, such as gasoline or kerosene. In the current work, spark ignition tests are performed in a gaseous kerosene–air mixture with a liquid fuel temperature of 60 °C and a fixed spark gap of 3.3 mm. The required ignition energy was examined, and a range of spark energies over which there is a probability of ignition is identified and compared with previous test results in Jet A (aviation kerosene). The kerosene results are also compared with ignition test results obtained in previous work for traditional hydrogen-based surrogate mixtures used in safety testing as well as two hexane–air mixtures. Additionally, the statistical nature of spark ignition is discussed.     

航空压力环境对锂离子电池热解气体爆炸极限影响*

针对航空锂离子电池热失控释放气体安全性研究不足的问题,采用气体拉曼光谱技术、气相色谱仪(Gas Chromatography,GC)和质谱(Mass Spectroscopy,MS)耦合来探究压力和荷电状态(State of Charge,SOC)对锂离子电池早期故障气体类型、气体动态演变及气体潜在危险性等特征的影响规律,同时综合考虑压力、电压和电池温度等多种因素分析锂离子电池热失控危害。研究结果表明:电池SOC越高且环境压力越低,电池越早触发热失控,爆炸极限越宽,其中30 kPa下100%SOC电池热解气体爆炸极限为8.01%~53.35%;SOC和环境压力越高,电池热失控越危险,释放的气体体积越多;CO,CO2,PF3,C2H4及电解液（C3H6O2、C3H6O3、C4H8O2）等气体可作为航空锂离子电池早期故障诊断特征。研究结果对保障锂离子电池在航空领域的安全运输及应用具有重要意义。     

复合惰气在采空区遗煤中竞争吸附的分子动力学模拟研究*

为明确作用于采空区的复合惰气的竞争吸附,进行不同温度、压力及组分下烟煤对N2、O2、CO2多元气体竞争吸附分子的模拟研究。研究结果表明:当注入压力达到3 MPa后,竞争吸附效果不再明显,为高压注入提供一定的理论基础;随着CO2分压的增大,O2吸附量降低速度逐渐平缓,初步确定最佳注入配比范围为2∶1至3∶1,为进一步结合实际工程中成本等因素确定最佳注入配比提供参考;等量吸附热受吸附条件的影响较小,仅与吸附质本身有关;随着CO2分压的增大,范德华能升高56.9%,分子内能升高78.7%,静电能升高67.2%,CO2对整个系统内的吸附作用强度及吸附量有着较大的影响;随着CO2分压增大,N2竞争吸附能力逐渐弱于O2,竞争吸附能力大小顺序为CO2>O2>N2。     

Explosive properties of selected aerosols determined in a spherical 5-L test chamber

Combustible liquids in the form of aerosols are important for many industrial processes. Therefore the problem of explosion hazards posed by the aerosols becomes increasingly more prominent. To correctly assess the explosion risk and fulfil the requirements of the ATEX directive, it is necessary to obtain information regarding the flammable and explosive properties of the aerosols. Unlike in the case of gases and dusts, no standard procedures aimed at obtaining quantitative information of this type exist. Factors that influence the explosion dynamics of aerosols include: concentration, droplet size, temperature etc. Some of these factors are strongly dependent on the aerosol generation methods. A prototype apparatus was designed and constructed to address that dependence. The apparatus was used in an attempt to determine the basic explosion parameters of liquid flammable aerosols. The device consisted of a 5-L spherical vessel equipped with a pump-injection system that generated aerosols as well as a spark ignition source. A wide variety of injection settings were tested to select the most suitable conditions over a broad range of concentrations and fluid properties. A measurement procedure was developed for operating the device. Prototype tests were carried out with fluids commonly used in industry: isopropanol and kerosene. The tests demonstrated the significant influence of the vessel wall temperature on the result accuracy. Correct temperature control made it possible to obtain relationships between the aerosol concentration and the following explosion parameters: maximum explosion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise.     

煤吸附硫化氢混合气体的试验研究*

为研究煤层硫化氢（H2S）吸附特性,厘清煤层H2S赋存规律及改善H2S防治效果,采用分压测试法研究煤对H2S的吸附规律。以山西保利铁新煤业有限公司9#煤为研究对象,分别使用N2,He/H2S,N2/H2S为吸附介质开展等温吸附试验,分析煤对H2S及含H2S混合气体的吸附特性及影响因素。结果表明:煤对H2S的吸附量随压力升高而增加,随温度升高而降低,且温度对煤吸附H2S吸附量影响较大;H2S及N2/H2S混合气体的吸附曲线均符合Langmuir吸附模型,煤吸附N2/H2S混合气体时,H2S和N2存在竞争吸附,且N2吸附能力优于H2S;等温条件下,N2竞争吸附量随吸附压力的增加而增大,等压条件下,N2的竞争吸附量受温度影响较小。     

初始瓦斯浓度对爆炸温度影响实验研究*

为探索瓦斯爆炸过程中温度变化规律,基于球形爆炸实验,研究不同初始瓦斯浓度条件下爆炸温度及爆炸温度与爆炸压力之间的相互作用关系。结果表明:随初始瓦斯浓度升高,在6.5%(低浓度)、9.5%(当量浓度)、12%(高浓度)时出现爆炸温度极大值,分别为995,932,1 153 K;爆炸过程中温度延迟时间及升温时间与初始瓦斯浓度曲线均呈U型变化,当初始瓦斯浓度约为9.5%(当量浓度)时,温度延迟时间及升温时间变化较小;当初始瓦斯浓度在爆炸上限浓度（16%）和下限浓度（5%）附近时,受瓦斯浓度影响变化较大;初始瓦斯浓度在9.5%时,瓦斯爆炸过程中的压力波促进火焰燃烧波的反向传播,出现二次升温现象。研究结果可为完善瓦斯爆炸温度变化机理、提高灾害防控技术提供依据。     

N_2/CO_2/H_2O抑制甲烷爆炸化学动力学机理分析

应用敏感性分析方法对N2,CO2和H2O抑制甲烷爆炸的化学动力学机理进行了理论分析,结果表明:在N2,CO2和H2O的抑制作用下,在甲烷氧化链式反应进程中起关键"桥梁"作用的自由基——CH3和HCO的生成受到强烈抑制,从而使得甲烷氧化链式反应进程受到影响和破坏;CO2和H2O除了具有N2所具有的抑燃、抑爆特性外,还会参与甲烷氧化链式反应,并对CH4氧化放热产生阻碍作用。     

储氢材料Kβ-MgH2的动态真空安定性研究

为研究储氢材料Kβ-MgH2分解放气过程，在以10 ℃为步长，80~130 ℃区间内，48，120 h时间条件下，采用基于传感器压力变化计算被测物质分解放气量的动态真空安定性测试(DVST)方法，得到在上述条件下Kβ-MgH2分解过程中的压力变化、Kβ-MgH2的单位分解放气量和在不同研究温度下的分解放气规律，分析DVST测试时长的设置方法，验证Kβ-MgH2在时温等效系数为2.5时的时温等效特性。结果表明:在选定的测试条件下，Kβ-MgH2分解放气量稳定，单位分解放气量与样品状态无关；Kβ-MgH2单位质量放气量先快速增加，随后趋于平稳，测试温度越高，Kβ-MgH2放气速率越快，单位质量放气量越大；根据选定的测试温度和温度变化步长，可知Kβ-MgH2分解放气过程具有时温等效性。     

Are pilots at risk of accidents due to fatigue?

PROBLEM: There is concern in the aviation community that pilot schedules can lead to fatigue and increased chance of an aviation accident. Yet despite this concern, there is little empirical analysis showing the relationship between pilot schedules and commercial aviation accidents. This study attempts to demonstrate an empirical relationship between pilot schedules and aviation accidents. METHOD: Data for human factors-related accidents and pilot work patterns were identified. The distribution of pilot work schedule parameters for the accidents was compared to that for all pilots using a chi-square test to determine if the proportions of accidents and length of duty exposure were the same. If the distributions are the same, then one could infer that pilot human factor accidents are not affected by work schedule parameters. RESULTS: The proportion of accidents associated with pilots having longer duty periods is higher than the proportion of longer duty periods for all pilots. DISCUSSION: There is a discernible pattern of increased probability of an accident as duty time increases for commercial aircraft pilots in the United States. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The analysis suggests that establishing limits on duty time for commercial pilots would reduce risk. Such a rule is likely to be expensive and could substantially impact the commercial airlines. In return, there is likely to be a reduction in the risk of commercial aviation accidents due to pilot fatigue.