Simulation of pedestrian contra-flow by multi-agent DEM model with self-evasive action model

A pedestrian contra-flow can be seen frequently in urban spaces such as a pedestrian crossing, an open space and a concourse. A pedestrian simulation with taking a pedestrian contra-flow into account will be a rational tool for designing urban pedestrian facilities. The objective of our research is to develop a microscopic model for a pedestrian contra-flow. Although we have been developing a DEM (Distinct Element Method)-based microscopic model of crowd behavior, this conventional crowd behavior model does not necessarily provide satisfactory agreement with an observation in a pedestrian crossing with heavy commute traffic. In this paper, we newly develop a self-evasive action model, which can describe either a collision avoidance or an alignment behavior between adjacent pedestrians. The multi-agent DEM model with the self-evasive action model shows good predictions of the characteristics of pedestrian contra-flow.     

基于群集动力学模型的密集场所人群疏散问题研究

密集场所人群疏散问题直接关系到大型公共场所的安全保障能力.应用群集动力学理论方法,在密集人群群体流动过程和个体流动过程分析的基础上,对已有的人群疏散数学模型进行改造,使之更加符合实际意义.以实际人群密集场所为例,进行数值仿真,寻求一定人流密度和疏散时间约束下的最佳疏散通道宽度以及关于开放疏散出口数量的最佳疏散策略,以达到最佳的疏散效果.为有效解决应急环境下密集场所人群疏散问题提供了理论依据,可用于指导密集场所建筑物的结构设计改进,以及疏散过程中的调度管理优化等.     

人群拥挤踩踏事故后果微观建模及模拟分析

针对人群拥挤踩踏事故风险理论(4阶段)中传统数学模型难以解决的定量问题,分析大型公共场所高密度拥挤人群中的个体受力.依据牛顿第二定律和经典"社会力"模型对人群中的个体受力进行建模.本文提出了引起人群拥挤踩踏事故后果即人员伤亡的"拥挤力"的概念,并在"磁场力"模型基础上依据动量定理构建了拥挤人群中的个体受力微观模拟模型.基于此微观模拟模型并结合多智能体技术开发了人群拥挤踩踏事故模拟系统,对正常及紧急状况下的奥运赛场出口人群疏散模拟的结果表明,该模拟系统不仅能够直观地表示人群拥挤踩踏事故后果,而且还可通过滞留人数随疏散时间的变化情况了解人群疏散状况.该微观模拟模型及模拟系统对大型公共建筑的性能化设计、人群安全疏散及管理等有指导意义.     

Applying TRIZ principles in crowd management

Overcrowding that happens in places like concerts, stadiums or pilgrimage locations might sometimes cause injury or loss of life. Maintaining the safety of crowd in these places is therefore very important. In addition, increasing the performance of the buildings and structures has always been an important concern. Most of the previous work focused on using new devices and methods for monitoring and management of the crowd but they rarely focus on a comprehensive and structured approach with the purpose of increasing efficiency and safety. In this paper, we explore a Russian “Theory of Inventive Problem Solving”, TRIZ, to see whether its principles can help us to solve or improve overcrowding issues. More specifically we find the contradictions that arise in the context of crowd management and we observe which of the categorical solutions suggested by TRIZ might possibly be useful for our problem. Increasing the crowd capacity in a relatively small area, which leads to overcrowding, is one of the common contradictions in crowd management. TRIZ has been suggested as a good method for solving problems which involve contradiction and thus, chosen for this purpose.     

紧急状况下人员恐慌动力学模型及仿真研究

为量化疏散人群心理变化及恐慌状态对疏散时间的影响,在分析恐慌产生原因和影响因素的基础上,通过问卷调查方式确定疏散过程中人员自身、人群相互作用及环境作用因素的参数值,基于系统动力学建立紧急状况下人员恐慌动力学模型,量化人群状态及分析对疏散时间的影响规律.恐慌动力学模型仿真结果表明:紧急状况初期,因自发恐慌和恐慌传播效果显著,恐慌人数激增;随后由于自我调节及环境正向作用效果增强,恐慌人数小幅下降;最后由于人员再次恐慌,恐慌人数产生小范围波动,最终恐慌与冷静人群数量处于相对稳定的动态平衡状态.对疏散时间的仿真结果表明:考虑人群的恐慌状态使疏散时间延长了19％,使整体疏散过程更贴近实际情况.本研究对紧急状况下应急疏散具有指导性意义.     

人群运动与密度估计技术研究

人群的密度和运动估计对于人群安全和建筑物设计至关重要.本文研究了基于图像和视频处理的智能化人群自动估计方法.在人群密度估计上,对于低密度人群图像采用基于像素统计的方法,对于较高密度人群图像采用基于多尺度分析和分形的纹理分析方法,并应用支撑向量机进行人群密度等级分类.在人群运动估计上,使用块匹配法对人群运动速度进行估计.对人群图像和视频的实验表明,本文的方法较以前的方法更为准确有效.     

Computational fluid dynamics simulation of fog clouds due to ambient air vaporizers

Ambient air vaporizers (AAVs) are widely used to regasify liquefied industrial gases, which are liquefied for transport and storage. Depending on the conditions (temperature and relative humidity) of ambient air and AAV effluent, the potential exists for the formation of fog as the two fluids mix with each other. This has raised some regulatory and environmental concerns that the fog cloud may impact human activities in the vicinity of the AAV arrays.This paper describes a CFD-based modeling approach to predict the formation, dispersion and dissipation of a fog cloud due to AAV operation. The model uses the psychrometrics equations to determine when saturated air conditions are reached and to calculate mass and energy transfer between the moist air and the fog cloud. A parametric study is presented, based on an array of 6 AAVs, to demonstrate the effects of wind speed and AAV discharge elevation on the behavior of the fog cloud.     

基于系统动力学的三峡库区流域水污染控制模拟

为协调水环境保护与经济发展的关系,在充分考虑经济发展与水环境污染治理现状的基础上,构建了三峡库区流域水污染控制系统动力学模型,通过对决策变量的不同取值,设置了4种发展方案进行仿真模拟和分析.结果表明:方案1和2都保持了较高的经济发展速度,但都以牺牲环境为代价;方案3保护了环境,却减缓了经济发展速度;只有方案4在经济发展的同时兼顾环境保护,是实现三峡库区流域社会、经济和环境可持续发展的最佳模式.     

城市重点公共区域人群聚集风险的实时定量技术

城市公共区域人群高度聚集且流动性大,紧急状态时易发生群死群伤的拥挤踩踏事故,造成大量人员伤亡和社会负面影响。在FIST模型的基础上,提出以人员密度（D）、人员特性（C）、人与人的相互作用（I）以及人群聚集环境（E）作为表征公共场所人群聚集风险的基本参数,接下来对四个参数进行了相应的技术分析。第一,利用人群监控技术估计人群密度;第二,通过现场监测网络得到的人群压力值来表征人与人相互作用的强度;第三,忽略了个体差异对人群整体的影响;第四,把公共场所中导致事故发生的影响因子归结为综合扰动强度,并建立了相应的数学模型表征了这种强度的大小。最终建立了描述人群聚集风险的DICE模型。同时,给出了人群密度阈值、人群压力阈值以及人群聚集风险的总阈值及其判断标准,整个工作将人群聚集风险实时定量及管理技术推向了实用化的道路。     

公共场所人群聚集个人风险的研究

公共场所人群聚集的风险影响因素众多,其随机性和不确定性强,对风险进行定量比较困难.在前人研究的基础上,对事故进行分类,并根据事故发生概率和与其相应的概率分布,通过数学推导和参数补偿,提出了个人风险定量计算模型.最后以公共场所的部分事故统计资料为参考数据,阐述了该模型的使用方法和步骤,同时指出使用该模型过程中应该注意的问题.结果表明,该模型具有一定的合理性和准确性,对公共场所人群聚集安全具有一定的指导意义.根据模型的计算结果,建议一般公共场所个人风险的推荐值为4.50×10-7.     

基于BP神经网络人群流量预测的实现

人群拥挤踩踏突发性的特点决定了现场的事故救援措施效果较差,事前预防是唯一有效的策略。对商业区人群流量进行预测,对于合理控制商业网点人口,预防人群类事故的发生具有重要的意义。本文介绍了基于BP神经网络的人群流量预测方法,利用Matlab建立了相关模型,并结合实际数据对模型进行了调整,分析了隐含层神经元个数、不同输入-输出结构、不同传递函数等因素对网络性能的影响。研究表明利用神经网络的非线性映射能力对人群流量进行预测时可行的。     

基于计算流体力学3D动态模拟技术的PLACS系统推介

1999年,20多个国家在美国旧金山举行的“有害物质意外释放后果模拟国际研讨会”上,广泛讨论了危险化学品泄漏、火灾、爆炸事故的风险及后果评估问题。会上,多数研究机构都展示了以“计算流体力学”(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)3D动态模拟技术进行风险及后果评估的效果。由于该技术可以显示各工作层面、各方位、各角度及各时间下的气云浓度、火焰温度及爆炸压力等参数状况,CFD模拟因此将会成为新一代风险及后果评估的主流技术。目前,有关火灾、爆炸或毒性物质外泄的CFD模拟,约90％是由基于此技术的软件系统完成的。 目前能够提供3D动态即时危险后果模拟功能、已经过实     

A method for simulation of vapour cloud explosions based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

The effectiveness of the application of CFD to vapour cloud explosion (VCE) modelling depends on the accuracy with which geometrical details of the obstacles likely to be encountered by the vapour cloud are represented and the correctness with which turbulence is predicted. This is because the severity of a VCE strongly depends on the types of obstacles encountered by the cloud undergoing combustion; the turbulence generated by the obstacles influences flame speed and feeds the process of explosion through enhanced mixing of fuel and oxidant. In this paper a CFD-based method is proposed on the basis of the author’s finding that among the various models available for assessing turbulence, the realizable k-? model yields results closer to experimental findings than the other, more frequently used, turbulence models if used in conjunction with the eddy-dissipation model. The applicability of the method has been demonstrated in simulating the dispersion and ignition of a typical vapour cloud formed as a result of a spill from a liquid petroleum gas (LPG) tank situated in a refinery. The simulation made it possible to assess the overpressures resulting from the combustion of the flammable vapour cloud. The phenomenon of flame acceleration, which is a characteristic of combustion enhanced in the presence of obstacles, was clearly observed. Comparison of the results with an oft-used commercial software reveals that the present CFD-based method achieves a more realistic simulation of the VCE phenomena.     

拥挤人群疏散数学模型的研究现状探讨

文章简述了拥挤人群疏散数学模型研究的现状和已得到的一些结论,比较了目前几种研究方法优劣,提出了目前研究的不足。最后提出了作为拥挤人群疏散模型需要进一步研究的问题,如体系结构和突变条件等研究方向探讨。     

中青年人群对于地铁站疏散标识的决策行为模拟分析

目的是模拟分析地铁火灾时不同行为特点中青年人群对疏散标识的决策反应。方法采用构建地铁站台火灾时烟气蔓延的三维空间模型,在中青年人群中进行应急疏散的仿真实验,利用统计分析软件SPSSv14.0对采集到的数据进行统计分析。结果得到性别、成长环境和专业背景等不同人员行为特点与疏散标识决策反应的相关性,并对疏散标识的字体、图案特性进行选优。得出结论,性别、成长环境和专业背景与人员对不同疏散标识的决策反应有一定的相关性。图形为主要设计元素的疏散标识是地铁站台火灾烟气条件下疏散人员的优先选择。     

建筑火灾中智能疏散诱导系统对人群疏散的影响

在自制的“黑屋”试验平台上,模拟真实火灾场景,分析了智能疏散诱导系统中安全疏散标识的视觉诱导、声音诱导对人群疏散的影响规律.结果表明:声音诱导与视觉诱导相比,能见度较好时视觉诱导的疏散效率较高;能见度低时声音诱导的疏散效率较高,但安装间距在3 m以内时,视觉诱导的疏散效率较高;疏散之初安全标识的位置对疏散影响明显,随火灾态势的发展和能见度的降低,安全标识的间距对疏散影响显著;正对疏散通道的安全疏散出口利用率最高.     

Assessment of four turbulence models in simulation of large-scale pool fires in the presence of wind using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

Pool fires are the most common of all process industry accidents. Pool fires often trigger explosions which may result in more fires, causing huge losses of life and property. Since both the risk and the frequency of occurrence of pool fires are high, it is necessary to model the risks associated with pool fires so as to correctly predict the behavior of such fires.Among the parameters which determine the overall structure of a pool fire, the most important is turbulence. It determines the extent of interaction of various parameters, including combustion, wind velocity, and entrainment of the ambient air. Of the various approaches capable of modeling the turbulence associated with pool fires, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has emerged as the most preferred due to its ability to enable closer approximation of the underlying physical phenomena.A review of the state of the art reveals that although various turbulence models exist for the simulation of pool fire no single study has compared the performance of various turbulence models in modeling pool fires. To cover this knowledge-gap an attempt has been made to employ CFD in the assessment of pool fires and find the turbulence model which is able to simulate pool fires most faithfully. The performance of the standard k–? model, renormalization group (RNG) k–? model, realizable k–? model and standard k–ω model were studied for simulating the experiments conducted earlier by Chatris et al. (2001) and Casal (2013). The results reveal that the standard k–? model enabled the closest CFD simulation of the experimental results.     

Modelling spills of water-reactive chemicals

This paper describes part of a programme of work undertaken at the Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) to investigate the behaviour of selected water-reactive chemicals. Following an accidental release, such substances react exothermically with any water present, generating acidic vapours. The STAWaRS (Source Term Assessment of Water Reactive Substances) software was developed for the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) by ESR Technology to model this complex process. The aims of the study described here were to provide experimental validation of the heats of hydrolysis used within STAWaRS, and to perform sensitivity studies on selected STAWaRS input parameters.The heat of hydrolysis of acetyl chloride was measured and showed good correlation with the value used within STAWaRS. Some of the variables that influence the severity of acetyl chloride spills are examined, with reference to predictions made by the STAWaRS model. The heats of hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride previously measured at HSL are also discussed, and the effect of adopting these experimentally derived values for modelling spills is shown for a hypothetical land use planning case. This study demonstrates the importance of using experimentally validated values for STAWaRS input parameters.     

公共场所人群加速度异常检测系统

针对目前基于速度检测公共场所密集人群异常行为存在的检测准确率低、使用范围局限的问题,从人群的加速度角度对可能导致公共安全事故的人群异常行为进行研究,提出了一种基于加速度检测人群异常行为的算法,并基于该算法实现了针对人群逃散、人群聚集、人群拥挤和人群逆行4种异常行为检测的系统。首先,利用金字塔Lucas-Kanade光流法进行特征点跟踪;然后,在获取到特征点的速度矩阵基础上进一步计算其加速度矩阵,反映速度的整体变化;最后,从加速度大小和方向两方面检测人群异常行为。结果表明,所提算法检测用时较少,相比基于速度检测的对比算法,检测的正确率提高到80%,误报率降低为5%。     

基于累积Logistic回归模型对化工园区人群认知风险的研究

随着化工园区重大危险源集中监管的深化,政府和企业在安全生产活动中扮演着比以往更重要的角色.如何降低园区内人群对危险源的敏感性,以便在有谣言时不会伴随更大的混乱;什么样的因素对园区内人群认知风险具有显著相关性,以便政府和企业在安全生产活动中更好地发挥职能.针对上述问题,通过对江西省某化工园区进行问卷调查,所得的数据采用累积logistic模型进行分析,得出对风险认知具有显著性差异的因素.有助于政府及企业管理人员对园区内人群认知风险的了解,建议化工园区以及政府需要进一步宣传安全知识,配套安全设备等,最终降低谣言对生产活动的影响、冲击,稳定社会秩序.