氯气泄漏扩散半径估算与应急处置

氯气泄漏是常见的化学事故之一.通过对氯气的理化性质、危险特性和泄漏原因分析,估算氯气泄漏的扩散半径,同时以扩散半径作参考,提出氯气泄漏的应急处置措施,为氯气泄漏事故应急处理提供技术支持.     

关注氯气使用安全

氯气是一种刺激性很强的有毒气体,国家规定的二级高度危害性物质.氯气的意外泄漏,能对动、植物造成不同程度的危害.人吸入高浓度的氯气后,严重者可以导致死亡.氯气又是一种重要的化工原料,被应用于许多领域,随着市场对氯气需求的逐年扩大和氯碱行业的发展,现在我国每年氯气产量已达到600多万吨.     

含氟废水处理中粉煤灰改性条件研究

为了获得较好的除氟效果,对粉煤灰进行了微波及氢氧化钙改性处理,并通过正交实验研究了微波改性温度、时间、功率,以及氢氧化钙改性时间、反应温度和氢氧化钙浓度等因素对粉煤灰改性的影响.在综合考虑经济效益等因素的基础上,确定了针对含氟废水处理的粉煤灰微波-氢氧化钙改性的最佳条件为:微波温度80℃,微波时间15 min,微波功率600W,氢氧化钙反应时间8h,氢氧化钙溶液质量浓度为0.83g/L,与氢氧化钙反应温度为40℃.在此改性条件下除氟率最高可达99.97％.     

小区域氯气扩散的CFD模拟研究

针对一个较小的工厂区域,应用CFD法,分别对氯气连续泄漏和瞬时泄漏的扩散过程进行了研究,并应用FLUENT软件,分别对两种情况下的氯气扩散情况进行了模拟.结果表明,连续泄漏时,建筑的阻挡和涡旋的存在会减慢氯气扩散速度,使得建筑后方氯气浓度比周围空间低很多;瞬时泄漏时,涡旋对氯气扩散的束缚作用非常明显,涡旋内部的氯气停留时间比其他区域长.这些结果可以为应急救援和工厂结构优化设计提供依据.     

SAFETI模拟氯气泄漏事故的参数选择及后果模拟

通过搜集氯气泄漏事故,统计分析了氯气泄漏的各种情况和原因,采用SAFETI软件进行氯气泄漏事故模拟,对模拟过程中的参数设置进行了初步的探究,并针对发生事故频率高、危害大的液氯钢瓶和槽车进行了事故模拟和分析比较,显示了不同参数、不同的失效模式所造成的不同影响,为事故应急救援和防灾减灾提供理论依据。     

绿化带对氯气泄漏扩散影响的模拟研究

基于FLUENT软件的物质传输模块建立了氯气泄漏扩散模型.考虑绿化带对氯气泄漏扩散的影响,针对不同的绿化带高度、泄漏速度和风速对氯气泄漏扩散进行了数值模拟.结果表明,绿化带对氯气的泄漏扩散有阻碍作用;绿化带高度越高越容易减缓危险区域在水平方向的传输;泄漏速度增加,危险区域的浓度值增高;风速增加,危险区域的浓度值减小,而...     

氯气泄漏事故的洗消及救援处置对策探究

本文结合氯气的理化性质和毒理作用,探究了根据事故现场氯气形态差异而采用的洗消方法,并根据实际情况指出各种方法的优缺点以及应用的局限.根据氯气泄漏事故的特点,提出了氯气泄漏事故相应的应急处置的救援对策.     

供水行业氯气的安全使用

水的消毒可以采用多种方法,归纳起来分为物理和化学方法两大类。在化学方法中,加氯法为全国大多数城镇所普遍采用。主要是由于这种方法消毒能力强,货源较充沛,耗值较低,加氯设备简单,在出人水厂管网中能保持一定量的剩余氯,还可以防止管网中再度繁殖细菌,保证水质。 氯有强烈的刺激性,是黄绿色的气体。它是电解食盐生产烧碱时的副产品。目前供水行业普遍使用的氯为液氯,也就是在常温下将氯气加压到0.6～0.8个兆帕压力或常压下冷却到-35～-40℃时的液态氯。 正因为氯气是一种具有强烈刺激的窒息性气体,对人体生理组织有害,特别对呼吸系统和眼…     

氯气压力自动检测调节新技术在氯气系统的应用

氯碱生产中,氯气系统压力不易控制,容易发生泄漏爆炸事故。为解决这一难题,保证安全生产,金川公司化工厂于１９９６年设计并安装了一套氯气压力自动检测调节系统,经过两年的实际使用,达到了稳定氯气系统压力的良好效果。     

氯气爆炸及防爆措施

针对氯气发生泄漏爆炸的危害,较详细地分析了氯气在生产、储存及使用过程中引发蒸气爆炸及化学性爆炸的主要原因,并提出了有效的防爆措施.     

Chlorine leakage from bonnet of a valve in a bullet—a case study

This paper deals with the accidental release of chlorine from bonnet of a valve in a bullet installed in a chloro-alkali industry, and the probable causes of the accident and the ensuing sequence of events. Emergency procedures are also discussed. Finally, in the conclusions reached at some useful recommendations, which has been drawn for industrial facilities handling chlorine.     

Are dispersion models suitable for simulating small gaseous chlorine releases?

Dispersion models are mostly validated on the basis of historical dispersion experiments. The latter imply large quantities of hazardous products (flammable or toxic gases), and are dedicated to study the dispersion of the resulting clouds on great distances from the source to reach a better knowledge of the different phases of gas dispersion (slumping, creeping, passive dispersion…).However, dispersion models have hardly been validated on small releases and therefore require more validation on small plumes of dangerous gases. Indeed, what is their reliability in case of accidents involving small amounts (e.g., chlorine leakages at swimming pools’ installations), and for small distances downwind the gas source? This information is of prime interest in so far as small releases are more likely to occur than larger ones.This paper reports on chlorine small-scale dispersion experiments and deals with the comparison between experimental data of ground level concentrations in the plume and predicted concentrations obtained from several dispersion models.     

Preparation and characterization of surface modified powder of calcium hydroxide used as chlorine scavenger

In order to avoid existing shortcomings of chlorine leakage treatment, we developed a new chlorine scavenger. The main composition of the chlorine scavenger was calcium hydroxide. The chlorine scavenger was prepared by wet process with water as solvent through adding surface active agent and silicone oil, etc. The influence of surfactant on modified powder was investigated, which included the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, the sodium stearate, the water-soluble silicone oil, the emulsifying silicon oil and the amino silicone oil, and the effect of modification of judgment were illustrated, which mainly involved the sifting rate, the bulk density, the contact angle, on this basis, also the author analyzed the powder of modification by using SEM analysis and size distribution, The modified powder had the following characteristics: high absorptivity, anti-caking, good air permeability and so on. The results showed that overall performance of modified powder was better than the performance of unmodified powder. The adding amount of sodium stearate was preferably 2% while the optimum amount of emulsifying silicon oil and amino silicone oil was 3%. The comprehensive performance of powder modified with compound modifiers was better than the performance of the powder modified with a single modifier. The property of powder modified with sodium stearate and amino silicone oil had a good performance analyzed from the uniformity of particle size distribution of the powder and anti-caking. The powder modified with sodium stearate and emulsifying silicon oil had a good absorption rate of chlorine.     

Using consequence analysis on some chlorine operation hazards and their possible effects on neighborhoods in central Taiwan

The applications of chlorine have been broadly used in many industrial products, such as bleaching agents, synthetic rubbers, plastics, disinfectants, iron chlorides, fire refractory materials, insecticides, and anti-freezers, etc. According to the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA), more than 30 thousand tons were used in the year 2000. In addition, there were more than 12 reported incidents from 2000 to 2003—mostly on using chlorine as disinfectants (five) and as process agents (four).

This study investigated 15 chlorine operation plants in central Taiwan. These chlorine usages included bleaching agents, disinfectants, iron chloride, synthesizing rubber plastics, and others. Thirteen plants were located in the industrial parks and two were in or near residential zones. The consequence analysis were used three different methods to analyze the worst-case scenarios (WCSs) and alternative release case scenarios (ACSs) in order to compare impact zones for applying various active and passive mitigation systems, such as confined space, scrubber, water-spray, and so no. For two plants in or near residential zones, multi-layers mitigation systems and operation limits should be implemented in order to enforce more stringent protection measures. However, there was no specific regulation for chlorine plants operated at different locations, such as industrial parks or residential zones. In order to reduce chemical accidents and their impacts on public safety, our results suggest that source mitigation/management and warning systems should be adopted simultaneously.     

同时脱硫脱硝固态反应剂研究进展

针对于干法同时控制热力发电厂NO_x和SO_2的排放,综述了近年来研究较广泛的钙基吸收剂、改性活性炭吸收剂、γ-Al_2O_3吸收-催化剂、天然锰矿石反应剂等几种同时脱硫脱硝固态反应剂的结构特性,以及脱硫脱硝效率。根据这几种固态反应剂的研究现状指出了应更进一步对氮氧化物和硫氧化物在同时脱除时的相互影响进行研究,从而提高同时脱硫脱硝效率。     

二氧化氯发生器残液处理方法研究与比较

采用离子交换膜、离子交换树脂和铁粉还原法对复合法制备二氧化氯过程中产生的高浓度氯酸盐残液进行处理,对3种方法进行综合比较。结果表明:离子交换膜处理后氯酸盐富集质量浓度为13.06 g/L,为进水质量浓度的6.5倍,去除率大于50%,离子交换膜不可重复使用;离子交换树脂处理后富集质量浓度为23.51 g/L,为进水质量浓度的11.8倍,去除率为95%,离子交换树脂可重复使用;铁粉对氯酸根去除率为99%,可连续使用15次。综合比较处理效果、控制条件和处理成本,选择铁粉还原法为最佳方法。     

氯气和光气爆燃事故源强估算

在建立化学品泄漏的气体排放、液体排放、两相排放模式和爆炸燃烧的火球和气爆，蒸气云爆炸及绝热扩散和池蒸发扩展等模式的基础上，估计分析了氯气和光气爆燃事故源强，即爆炸能量及碎片抛射、冲击波、热辐射和毒云等后果影响     

用现行设备进行烟气脱汞技术研究

基于布袋除尘器或静电除尘器吸附剂喷入技术是最有前景的脱汞技术,利用炭基吸附剂可以去除95%的汞,但是活性炭价格昂贵.常用飞灰或者钙基吸收剂代替,效果却不理想.WFGD可以去除80%-95%的Hg2+,但是Hg0的去除率为0.通过加入一些氧化剂可以有效控制汞的排放,抑止Hg2+向Hg0转化.SCR催化剂可以促进Hg0氧化从而增加WFGD对汞的去除率,该工艺除汞具有很大的潜在空间.     

Modification of ferrite–manganese oxide sorbent by doping with cerium oxide

Fe–Mn oxide and Ce-doped Fe–Mn oxide sorbents were studied on the structural and desulfurization behavior in COS removal from syngas. The effects of cerium oxide on the Fe–Mn oxides have been investigated by XRD, BET, TPR, XPS and TEM methods. Analysis data show that the Ce-doped sorbent has larger specific surface area and better particles’ dispersion compared with non-modified Fe–Mn sorbent. The addition of Ce improves the reduction performance of Fe–Mn species. The desulfurization experiments show that the desulfurization activity of sorbent can be increased because of the promotion of the structural and redox properties by ceria doped. The Ce-doped sorbent can reduce COS from 15,000 ppmv to less than 0.1 ppmv at 325 °C and a space velocity of 1000 h⁻¹.