成都铁路局某地尘肺病调查分析

目的了解尘肺病在成都铁路局某地的分布、发病率和病情进展等情况。方法对成都铁路局某地尘肺病例资料进行回顾性的流行病学调查。结果 228例尘肺病例中平均开始接触粉尘年龄25.4岁,平均接触粉尘时间14.40 a,尘肺病平均发病年龄54.8岁。平均寿命63.73岁,其中Ⅰ期尘肺病为84例,Ⅱ期尘肺病为88例,Ⅲ期尘肺病为56例。228例尘肺病例中,227例是矽肺。已故170例,占尘肺病例总数的74.56%。结论尘肺病发病率在成都铁路局某地呈下降趋势,随着年代的不同,劳动、生活等条件的改善,平均死亡年龄提高。     

尘肺病:我国发病率最高的职业病

据中国卫生部消息,国家安监总局、中华全国总工会、卫生部今天召开新闻通报会,通报了中国职业病防治工作情况及今后重点工作。据了解,2005卫生部共收到全国30个省、自治区、直辖市(不包括西藏、港、澳、台)各类职业病报告12212例,其中尘肺病病例报告9173例,占75.11%,尘肺病例死亡966例,尘肺晚期病例963例。通报显示,截至2005年,中国的尘肺累积病例607,570例,其中存活病人为470,089例。通报指出,矽肺和煤工尘肺仍是最主要的尘肺病,分别为4358和3967例,两者共占尘肺病例总数的90.8%;其次是水泥尘肺177例、石棉肺170例和电焊工尘肺148例。尘肺…     

我国尘肺患病现状及发展趋势

全国尘肺流行病学调查结果表明:至1986年底,累积诊断尘肺病例为393787例,其中死亡79627例,全死因病死率为20.2％;全国尘肺现患病例314160例,现患率4.0％,其中合并肺结核者49689例,肺结核合并率15.8％;矽肺和煤工尘肺分别占全国尘肺总病例数的48.3％39.1％;在各产业中煤炭工业系统尘肺病例最多,占全国病例总数的46.5％,其次是有色、冶金、建材等行业;省区调查结果以四川,湖南、辽宁、山西、江西五省的尘肺病例最多,均在2万例以上,五省合计占全国总例数的43.3％;调查表明。我国尘肺患病人数仍在逐年增加,1986年底现患病例数为1955年的387.6倍;Ⅰ期尘肺患者发病工龄分析表明,1986年前诊断的矽肺和煤工尘肺病例的95％是在1964年前开始接尘的工人,近20年来开始接尘的工人发病很少,表明我国综合防尘措施取得了成效。     

金川公司尘肺流行病学调查

尘肺是危害粉尘作业工人健康的主要职业疾病。金川公司是一个集采、选、冶为一体的生产镍钻为主的大型联合企业,到１９９７年底共有接尘人员１１３２０人,已诊断出尘肺患者３２０例,占接尘人数的２．８３％,其中主要分布在四大矿山,占尘肺总数的７２．５％。通过尘肺流行病学调查,获得了金川公司尘肺患者的发病现状及其分布规律,为公司确定职防工作的重点及系统化、科学化,提供了依据。     

尘肺合并症防治(下)

慢性肺原性心脏病尘肺病人发生慢性肺原性心脏病的主要原因,一是尘肺病变本身,二是尘肺病人多合并慢性支气管炎。尘肺病人合并慢性支气管炎是非常普遍的。长期的慢性支气管炎使气道狭窄,通气阻力增加,继之发生肺气肿、肺内压增高,进一步导致肺动脉压升高,也是尘肺病人合并慢性肺原性心脏病的主要原因。此外,尘肺病人长期缺氧可引起心肌变性,并常继发红细胞增多,使血液黏稠度增加,也导致肺循环阻力增加。我国尘肺调查资料显示,尘肺并发慢性肺原性心脏病以煤工尘肺、石棉肺、水泥尘肺为主,分别占死因构成比的25%、28%和29%。尘肺肺心病的急性…     

尘肺病:我国发病率最高的职业病

据中国卫生部消息,国家安监总局、中华全国总工会、卫生部今天召开新闻通报会,通报了中国职业病防治工作情况及今后重点工作.据了解,2005卫生部共收到全国30个省、自治区、直辖市(不包括西藏、港、澳、台)各类职业病报告12212例,其中尘肺病病例报告9173例,占75.11%,尘肺病例死亡966例,尘肺晚期病例963例.     

儿童意外死亡须引起高度重视

近年来,儿童意外死亡在国内外一直呈上升趋势。笔者就哈尔滨市20世纪90年代中后期7岁以下儿童意外死亡资料进行了回顾分析,从中得到许多宝贵的认识规律和经验教训。经分析发现,哈市7岁以下儿童共死亡2299例,其中意外死亡245人 ,男159例,女86例。从死因顺位看,前5位主要原因为：意外窒息、溺水、一氧化炭中毒、车祸、烫伤。城市前5位死因是一氧化碳中毒、溺水、坠楼、车祸和意外窒息;农村前5位依次是意外窒息、溺水、烫伤、车祸和一氧化碳中毒。这其中,最常见的因素主要有：1哺乳姿势不当导致婴儿死亡。意外窒息占儿童意外死亡原…     

尘肺合并症防治(上)

尘肺病患者是由于长期接触生产性矿物性粉尘,使呼吸系统的清除和防御机能受到严重损害,加之尘肺病慢性进行性的长期病程,患者的抵抗力明显减低,故尘肺病患者常常发生各种不同的并发症。我国尘肺流行病学调查资料显示,尘肺病患者死因构成中,呼吸系统并发症占首位,为51.8%,其中主要是肺结核、肺部感染性疾病和气胸;心血管疾病占第二位,为19.9%,其中,主要是慢性肺原性心脏病。因此,及时正确地诊断和治疗各种并发症,是抢救患者生命、改善病情、延长寿命、提高患者生活质量的重要内容。下面介绍几种常见的尘肺合并症及其防治方法。呼吸系统感染尘…     

颅脑外伤的康复

近年来,交通事故、工伤等明显增多,颅脑外伤的发生率呈逐年上升趋势,已成为中青年致残的重要原因。我国因创伤导致的死亡不断增多,成为继肿瘤、心脑血管病之后第3位重要死因,其中颅脑外伤占创伤总数的1 5%左右,死亡率占创伤总数的85%。常见的颅脑外伤有头皮外伤、颅骨骨折、脑震荡、脑挫裂伤、颅内血肿等。脑挫裂伤、     

北京酒后驾车每星期死一人

据北京市交管局统计数据显示，2005年全市共有180起酒后驾车造成的交通事故，在事故总数中占较大比例。去年每个星期就平均有至少一人因酒后驾车死亡。     

我国煤炭行业尘肺病现状分析及防治对策

尘肺病是我国目前最严重的职业病,每年新增尘肺病病例一万例以上,其中煤炭行业尘肺病病例约占全国尘肺病患者总数的50%。煤炭行业由尘肺病引发的矿工伤亡人数,远远高于各类工伤事故伤亡人数的总和。煤炭是我国的主要能源,在国民经济和社会发展中占重要地位,我国煤矿企业多,从业人员数量大,职业危害严重,其中以粉尘危害最为突出。煤矿尘肺病不仅危及矿工的身体健康和生命安全,而且关系到国民经济的发展和社会的和谐稳定。我国煤矿尘肺病现状堪忧,尘肺病发病病例不降反升,分布更加广泛,矿工检查诊断和求治不及时,尘肺病防治工作形势严峻。本文具体分析了我国煤矿尘肺病现状,从管理、技术、资金以及法律等多方面深入探讨了导致如今现状的原因,最后针对各方面原因提出了煤炭行业尘肺病防治对策。     

煤矿呼吸性粉尘及其综合控制

在生产过程中产生的粉尘中,呼吸性粉尘是尘肺病的引发源,在煤矿防尘工作中必须引起高度重视。我国煤矿尘肺病发病情况十分严重,据不完全统计,至2002年底,我国煤炭行业累计患尘肺病人数达25万以上,该年度因尘肺病死亡人数是因事故死亡人数的两倍。呼吸性粉尘粒径小、悬浮时间长、肉眼不可见,极易被吸入人体的肺部并沉积于肺泡区内,随着沉积量的增加,可引发尘肺病。尘肺病目前尚无法根治,但完全可以预防。其有效的预防措施就是对粉尘施行综合控制,从抑制尘源、降低浮尘、排除余尘到个体防护等一系列技术措施,最大限度地减低作业人员的接尘量,同时进行医学预防,防止尘肺病的发生和发展。建立工程性防御与医学性预防相结合,防止煤尘爆炸与预防尘肺病一体化的管理机制。     

Injuries causing death: Their nature,external causes,and associated diseases

This article provides national data on the types of injuries reported on death certificates, the external causes of these injuries, and diseases that are frequently reported with them. Injuries were a factor in 11 % (213,366 deaths) of the deaths to residents of the United States in 1978. Of 11 broad categories of injuries, three (fractures, sprains, strains, and dislocations, intracranial injuries, and adverse effects) were mentioned on almost 50,000 deaths each. There was considerable variation in the distribution of injury types by age, sex, and race. The most notable example was fractures of the lower limb which were mentioned on 29% of the deaths involving an injury to 65 + year olds but no less than 5% of such deaths for all other age groups. For white females, the percentage with a fracture of the lower limb was 23 % compared to 12 % overall. In 25 % of the deaths involving an injury, the immediate cause was a motor vehicle accident. In 51 %, the immediate cause of the injury was a non-motor-vehicle accident. In 73 % of the deaths involving non-motor-vehicle accidents, disease conditions as well as injuries were a factor; and, 69% of the time, the disease condition was actually the underlying cause of the death with the injury being a contributing factor or complication. For example, over 14,000 deaths in 1978 involved a circulatory condition as the underlying cause of death which was complicated by an accidental fracture, sprain, or dislocation. Although diseases more often assumed the role of the underlying cause of death, they were also a nonunderlying cause in 24,000 non-motor-vehicle accident deaths. Over 12,000 of such deaths involved circulatory diseases.     

2014—2018年某铁路企业职工死亡特征分析

分析某铁路企业职工死因构成和顺位情况,为制定工作场所健康促进策略提供依据。收集20142018年某铁路企业职工死因监测资料和人口数据,按照国际疾病分类标准(ICD-10)进行死因编码,计算死亡率、死因构成指标,进行统计分析。结果表明,20142018年该铁路企业职工年均死亡率为190.22/10万;男性、女性年均死亡率分别为214.56/10万、60.49/10万,男性死亡率高于女性(χ^2=74.83,P<0.001);死因前5位依次为恶性肿瘤、心脏病、脑血管病、伤害和中毒、呼吸系统疾病。进而结合该企业职工死亡以恶性肿瘤居首、心脑血管疾病次之,男性死亡率高于女性,死亡职工绝大多数发生在40~60岁之间等特征,提出制定针对不同人群的综合性防治措施、开展健康管理与健康促进是治本之策。     

83家井工煤矿在岗农民工尘肺病现状调查及预防对策研究

为调查井工煤矿在岗农民工尘肺病防治现状并提出对策措施,采用分层整群抽样调查方法对4省（市）的83家井工煤矿进行调研,调查内容包括:职业卫生管理现状、职业健康监护与尘肺病诊断资料、X线胸片、农民工基本情况、职业卫生知识知晓情况、社会保险待遇等。调查结果显示:83家井工煤矿的职业病危害防治工作领导小组设置率和管理制度制定率均为100%,但制度内容和职业卫生培训缺乏针对性;粉尘危害防治费用平均为吨煤0.18元/月;采煤和掘进工作面的总尘浓度约为1.02～49.5 mg/m3;在岗检查时,农民工肺部异常的检出率高于正式工,在岗农民工疑似尘肺病检出率为7.94%,农民工尘肺病平均发病工龄14.47 a±6.79 a,平均发病年龄42.56岁±5.80岁,与正式工相比,农民工发病工龄短、发病年龄小。因此,建议政府从法规标准建设、探索职业健康责任险、加大监管力度等方面,企业从强化主体责任意识、源头治理及农民工职业卫生培训等方面,加强农民工尘肺病的防治工作。     

Fatal occupational injuries in Jordan during the period 1980 through 1993

All fatal occupational injuries compensated by the Social Security Corporation (SSC) in Jordan during the period 1980–1993 were studied. Variables considered in the analysis included gender, age, nationality, occupation, salary, cause of injury, body part injured and cause of death. The overall fatality rate, of the 705 cases reviewed, was 25.5/100,000/year. The majority (98%) of fatalities were males. The risk of fatal injuries increased with age. Workers over 55 years, had the highest annual fatality rate (37.8). Immigrant workers had a higher fatality rate (32.26) than Jordanians (23.95). Unskilled workers constituted 58.3% of decedents and professionals had the highest fatality rate (52.9). Transportation sector had the highest fatality rate (122.4) followed by construction (50.6). Over the study period, fatality rates tended to decrease significantly in manufacturing, construction and trade economic sectors while no such trend was established by transportation, agriculture and services sectors. The leading causes of fatal injuries were motor-vehicle related accidents (63.0%) and fall of persons (11.1%). Head was the body part most injured and was involved in 46.6% of all deaths. Haemorrhage was the main reported cause of death (24.5%). It is concluded that intervention measures targeting specific occupations (transportation and construction) and causes of fatalities such as motor-vehicle incidents are needed.     

Experimental study on advantages of foam–sol in coal dust control

In China, more than 2.65 million coal mine workers are exposed to coal dust. Every year, new pneumoconiosis cases amount to 25,000, among which 6000 cases die of this disease. The figure is twice the death toll in production safety accidents. Occupational diseases seriously endanger life and health of coal mine workers, and restrict the healthy growth of the coal industry.The paper presented a study of foam–sol-based coal dust control. This was an experimental study of characteristics of foam–sol-based coal dust control, which features dust capture, suppression, and isolation. Comparative wettability experiments were carried out to determine contact angles of water, aqueous foam, and foam–sol solution. A new foam–sol generating system with a conical diffuser outlet was proposed.The experiment results clearly showed that the foam–sol features dust capture, suppression, and isolation. The wettability of the aqueous foam solution was better than the foam–sol solution, but the foam–sol technology had the better ability to capture the airborne dust, suppress the static dust and enclose the dust source, due to the excellent surface viscosity, strong cohesiveness and less volatile property. The paper concluded that the foam–sol could greatly improve the dust control efficiency and did not have main deficiencies that the aqueous foam technology had.     

YOLOv4目标检测算法在煤矿工人口罩佩戴监测工作中的应用研究*

为防止煤矿工人吸入过量粉尘而导致职业性尘肺病,基于Keras框架利用YOLOv4 (you only look once)目标检测算法对井下人员佩戴防尘口罩情况进行高精度且快速的检测与识别,并与MTCNN(Multi-task convolutional neural network)和FaceNet构成的人脸识别算法相结合,进行煤矿工人口罩佩戴监测的研究。结果表明:模型对井下人员口罩佩戴有较高的检测精度,识别已佩戴口罩的矿井下作业人员的平均精度达到92.78%,识别未佩戴防尘口罩检测的平均精度为91.63%,与其他主流算法相比算法具有更好的鲁棒性和检测效果。研究结果为预防煤矿工人职业性尘肺病提供1种有效的技术手段。