油气长输站场内压力管道技术和管理要求探讨

随着我国长输管道建设的发展,油气长输站场内压力管道的设计、安装、使用管理、检验等环节采用的标准不一,给实际生产运营带来一定影响.针对这一问题,对站场压力管道标准体系和管道设计、施工、检验、使用管理等环节所采取标准的关键指标要求进行对比,结合国家安全技术规范对站场压力管道的现行管理要求,提出了油气长输站场内压力管道的类别...     

电站锅炉的压力管道管理和检验要求分析

电站锅炉的压力管道参数较高,存在着较大的安全风险,一旦发生事故,后果往往十分严重。电站锅炉的压力管道在按照“锅炉”或“压力管道”进行管理时,设计、制造、安装等阶段管理要求存在交叉或不清晰的情况。进行定期检验时,又有按锅炉范围内管道或工业管道(含动力管道)执行不同技术规范的情况。本文通过按“锅炉”和“压力管道”管理时执行安全技术规范的重点内容和检验要求进行比对,分析主要差异,得出监督检验、定期检验中流程和重点环节的注意事项,有助于检验人员加强理解,从而更好地推动电站锅炉压力管道的检验工作。     

从两起事故分析中看压力管道管件管理的重要性

在压力管道的安装和使用中涉及安全的环节有许多，管件是其中较为重要的环节。也是较为薄弱的环节，但往往在安装、使用等管理环节上容易被人忽视。下面针对两起管件事故进行原因分析希望能引起大家的重视。     

天然气管道完整性管理探析

通过对国内外天然气管道事故的统计和分析,指出了对天然气管道进行完整性管理的重要性;在此基础上,简要介绍了管道完整性管理方法,着重探讨了天然气管道完整性管理的流程和环节,包括管道潜在危害辨识、管道数据信息搜集与分析、管道风险评价、管道完整性评价、完整性评价响应和减缓措施,并进一步说明了天然气管道完整性管理的实施方法;最后,给出了在我国开展天然气管道完整性管理的必要性和建议.     

压力管道隐患分析

随着我国经济的快速发展,各类压力管道的数量不断增加,但压力管道的安全管理尚有不少漏洞,安全事故时有发生。下面以江苏省江都市为例,重点介绍压力管道安全管理存在的问题及对策的建议。江苏省江都市现有压力管道使用单位249个,压力管道总长37348米,包括蒸汽、液化石油气、氨气、压缩空气、乙炔、醇醚脂等十几种介质的压力管道。压力管道安全的隐患主要表现在以下6个方面。1.压力管道设计压力管道设计是否合理是压力管道安全运行的基本保证。按照《特种设备安全监察条例》和《压力管道安全管理和监察规定》的要求,压力管道必须由取得设计资…     

浅谈含硫介质在用压力管道定期检验

通过执行《压力管道使用登记管理规则（试行）》和《在用工业管道定期检验规程（试行）》，从检验实际出发，总结了含硫介质在用压力管道定期检验的要点和方法，提高了检验的合理性和有效性。     

基于AutoCAD二次开发的压力管道单线图测绘系统研究

目前压力管道单线图的绘制方法劳动强大并且效率低,本文根据压力管道单线图的绘制需求,基于Auto—CAD二次开发技术研发单线图测绘系统。首先对单线图测绘系统的原理进行分析,并对获取数据和单线图的组成及其在AutoCAD中的实现方式进行研究,最后在visual studio 2010上使用C#语言对绘图系统进行了开发。试用结果表明该系统能够通过获取管道的数据并在CAD中绘制出压力管道单线图,大大提高了压力管道数据的测量效率和单线图的绘图效率。     

在用氨制冷压力管道定期检验风险评价研究

通过对在用氨制冷压力管道的实际使用情况进行调研分析,结合相关的检验规程,总结出了对在用氨制冷压力管道全面检验的重点与要点,并引入风险检验概念.     

一起压力管道膨胀节爆炸事故的案例分析

介绍了一起压力管道元件膨胀节在系统气密性试验过程中发生爆炸的事故,通过现场勘查、调查和相关试验,查明事故直接原因为单层聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)材料的膨胀节不能承受系统试验压力而发生爆炸,间接原因为压力管道施工工程涉及的产品制造、采购、出入库管理、施工组织和现场监督等环节存在违法违规行为和管理缺位,导致与初始设计要求存在明显不符的膨胀节被投入现场安装和测试,进而提出了预防和减少同类事故的对策措施。     

压力管道安全技术展望

在我国，锅炉与压力容器安全管理已建立了一整套安全保证体系，质量技术监督部门与各主管部门都有相应的管理规范，近年来安全事故已大为减少。但压力管道安全管理尚有不少漏洞，安全事故时有发生，造成的经济损失和人员伤亡事故相当严重。分析事故产生的原因，大都与压力管道设计、制造、安装、检测、维修等环节有关。主要原因如设计中没有考虑热应力：该进行动态分析的没有进行仔细分析；管子、管件、阀门、法兰质量不符合要求；安装时未仔细研究图纸和技术要求，焊缝缺陷多而严重；管道用材不当等。     

An integrated quantitative risk analysis method for natural gas pipeline network

Natural gas industry is developing rapidly, and its accidents are threatening the urban safety. Risk management through quantitative assessment has become an important way to improve the safety performance of the natural gas supply system. In this paper, an integrated quantitative risk analysis method for natural gas pipeline network is proposed. This method is composed of the probability assessment of accidents, the analysis of consequences and the evaluation of risk. It is noteworthy that the consequences analyzed here include those of the outside and inside gas pipelines. The analysis of consequences of the outside pipelines focuses on the individual risk and societal risk caused by different accidents, while those of the inside pipelines concerns about the risk of the economic loss because of the pressure re-distribution. Risk of a sample urban gas pipeline network is analyzed to demonstrate the presented method. The results show that this presented integrated quantitative risk analysis method for natural gas pipeline network can be used in practical application.     

建筑施工现场安全信息定置管理技术研究

建筑施工现场是一个动态的、复杂的的场所,是人流、物流、信息流交汇的地点,管理难度大,发生意外安全事件和安全事故多。为了解决这个难题,本文针对目前建筑工程施工现场的特点,提出了用安全信息定置管理技术来解决建筑施工安全难题的方法。通过现场直观、形象、通俗易懂的看板和现场的安全信息,使现场操作人员通过视觉很容易地从管理看板上和现场的各种标识上获取有关安全操作的各种信息和管理者的要求和意图,从而实现操作者的自主管理、自我控制,实现安全施工的目的。同时介绍了用定置管理原理的科学定置技术,从建筑工程施工现场安全信息管理的收集、加工、设计、应用的方法。建筑施工现场安全信息定置管理技术的推广,将加速建筑安装企业及建筑施工现场的标准化安全管理的实现,真正实现预防为主、自主管理为主、持续改进的安全管理模式。值得在建筑施工现场推广。     

内压作用下含体积型缺陷弯管极限载荷研究

油气管道一旦发生泄漏失效容易引发爆炸等灾难性事故,而管路中的弯管段是容易发生失效的部分,弯管段承载能力的高低将影响整个管道系统的安全性。为了解决油气管线中弯管的失效问题,考虑几何和材料非线性,建立内压作用下含体积型缺陷弯管的有限元模型,并与爆破试验结果对比验证模型的有效性,确定管道的失效判定准则。研究表明影响弯管极限载荷的主要因素有缺陷的几何尺寸、相对位置以及弯曲半径。基于模拟计算,讨论各因素对含缺陷弯管极限载荷的影响规律,通过对计算结果进行非线性拟合,提出内压作用下含体积型缺陷弯管的极限内压预测公式。该公式将为含缺陷弯管的剩余强度评价和完整性评价提供一定依据。     

Decentralized scheme for leaks’ location in a branched pipeline

This article presents a novel scheme for the detection and isolation of single leaks in a pipeline with a branch junction by measuring only the flow rate and pressure at the ends of the line. For the solution of this realistic issue, which commonly occurs in pipeline networks, the position of the branch junction and its flow rate are supposed to be known. The idea consists of deriving a model considering the branch junction as a known point in the pipeline such that the leak position is characterized by two possible orientations with respect to the branch (upstream and downstream of it). Thus, this model allows proposing a diagnosis scheme which includes a static selector and two identifiers designed by using a continuous extended Kalman filter with only one deviation parameter to be estimated. This framework reduces the identification task to one parameter which is associated with the deviation from a prescribed positive base position located between one of the pipeline ends and the branch. Simulation and experimental results with data of a hydraulic pilot pipeline of 200 [m] show the promise of the novel scheme.     

城镇燃气埋地含缺陷聚乙烯管道应力分析

建立了埋地含缺陷聚乙烯管道模型,应用有限元方法计算管道的应力和变形量,分别考虑管道内压、地面载荷和管道缺陷深度变化对管道应力和变形的影响。研究结果表明,管道最大应力随管道内压的增大而增大;随地面载荷的增加呈先减小后增大趋势;随管道缺陷深度增大而增大。管道变形量随内压增大而增大,但增长较小;随地面载荷增大而增大,增长较大;管道缺陷深度只对管道缺陷处变形量有影响。研究结果为确定城镇燃气聚乙烯管道工作能力提供了理论依据。     

带压堵漏技术在煤气管道上的应用

济钢焦化厂处理煤气管道环形焊缝泄漏点采取了不停产带压堵漏技术，将特制的卡子固定在煤气管道上的泄漏部分，再用活动法兰连接，从而达到堵漏和提高管道强度的目的。     

Image rotation method for identification of NPW signals in the localization of pipeline leakage

Gas and oil are mainly transported through long-distance pipelines on land. Pipeline leaks lead to severe hazards to the environment and economy and even imperil human lives. Negative pressure wave (NPW)-based methods are fast and effective for leak monitoring and localization. The key problem for an NPW-based method is to determine the NPW and its arrival time, which is characterized by the knee point in the time domain signal. In this paper, an image rotation method is proposed based on the shape characteristic of the time domain signal induced by an NPW. Through image rotation, the knee point turns into the highest point, which is easy to detect. To verify the performance of the proposed method, leakage experiments were conducted on liquid and gas pipeline models. Previously developed FBG pipe fixture sensors were used to detect an NPW. These sensors were equidistantly installed on the pipeline, forming a sensor array. Based on the sensing array, a novel leak localization algorithm was used to compute the leakage position. The experimental results indicated that the image rotation method has good performance for identifying an NPW, even though many noise- and pressure-induced fluctuations exist in the signals. This method enables automated real-time monitoring and has potential for practical application.     

基于稳态模型的井下抽采主管道泄漏检测方法研究*

为准确检测煤矿井下瓦斯抽采主管道泄漏位置，提出基于稳态模型的管道泄漏检测与定位方法，采用Comsol数值模拟及地面相似实验研究压力梯度法对煤矿井下抽采管道泄漏检测与定位的可行性及准确性。研究结果表明:管道未泄漏时，管内沿线压力呈均匀分布，当管道突发泄漏时，管内压力分布呈现明显弯折现象，弯折处即为管道漏点位置，并对管道阻力计算公式进行修正，提高了检测准确性；随着管道泄漏程度的加大，湍流效应显著增强，漏点处速度、压力产生明显突变，且当其他条件恒定时，随着管道泄漏孔径的扩大，管道的漏入量越大，定位的相对误差越小；在宏岩矿开展地面相似实验，实验结果绝对误差为4.5 m，相对误差为6%；在阳煤五矿井下8421抽采巷进行现场应用，绝对误差134 m，相对误差约7.95%。     

Risk management of cost consequences in natural gas transmission and distribution infrastructures

A critical aspect of risk management in energy systems is minimizing pipeline incidents that can potentially affect life, property and economic well-being. Risk measures and scenarios are developed in this paper in order to better understand how consequences of pipeline failures are linked to causes and other incident characteristics. An important risk measure for decision-makers in this field is the association between incident cause and cost consequences. Data from the Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) on natural gas transmission and distribution pipeline incidents are used to analyze the association between various characteristics of the incidents and product loss cost and property damage cost. The data for natural gas transmission incidents are for the period 2002 through May 2009 and include 959 incidents. In the case of natural gas distribution incidents the data include 823 incidents that took place during the period 2004 through May 2009. A two-step approach is used in the statistical analyses to model the consequences and the costs associated with pipeline incidents. In the first step the probability that there is a nonzero consequence associated with an incident is estimated as a function of the characteristics of the incident. In the second step the magnitudes of the consequence measures, given that there is a nonzero outcome, are evaluated as a function of the characteristics of the incidents. It is found that the important characteristics of an incident for risk management can be quite different depending on whether the incident involves a transmission or distribution pipeline, and the type of cost consequence being modeled. The application of this methodology could allow decision-makers in the energy industry to construct scenarios to gain a better understanding of how cost consequence measures vary depending on factors such as incident cause and incident type.