Efficiency characterization of fire extinguishing compound superfine powder containing Mg(OH)2

To improve the fire extinguishing efficiency of existing dry powders, a new type of superfine dry powder was prepared using magnesium hydroxide as an additive. In our study, a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to analyze the thermal decomposition of the synthesized powders. The temperature of thermal decomposition, weight loss, and other thermodynamic parameters of the fire extinguishing powders were analyzed to explain the performance advantages of the compound superfine powder. Through a small-scale fire experiment, the physical parameters of the extinguishing process—such as extinguish time, powder dosage, smoke concentration, and minimum extinguishing concentration—were quantified for the suppression of a diesel fire using the different powders; these parameters were used to evaluate the fire extinguishing capacity and toxic gas suppression ability of the powders. TGA demonstrated that the compound superfine powder decomposed more quickly and its thermal decomposition process was much shorter than those of the other powders. The DSC data indicated that the compound superfine powder could decrease the characteristic temperature at each stage and thus the powder absorbed the flame's heat more quickly and suppressed flame propagation. The fire extinguishing test demonstrated that the consumption of the three types of fire extinguishing powder decreased with an increase in the driving pressure, and the order of powder dosage was as follows: commercial dry powder > superfine powder > compound superfine powder. Similarly, the order of minimum extinguishing concentration was as follows: commercial dry powder > superfine powder > compound superfine powder. Furthermore, the compound superfine powder exhibited a greater capacity for controlling toxic and harmful gas emissions.     

CO2和ABC干粉灭火剂扑灭火旋风火焰实验对比分析

为了分析2种灭火剂扑灭火旋风效果，采用实验室自制装置生成稳定的火旋风火焰，喷射CO₂或ABC干粉灭火剂，获取火焰温度场及光电信号数据。研究结果表明:在CO₂灭火剂或ABC干粉灭火剂作用下火旋风火焰温度场呈“下凹”型指数衰减；受灭火剂喷射位置影响，火焰根部、中部及顶端不同区域的灭火剂影响系数不同；基于火焰降温速率和光信号变化，相较于CO₂灭火剂，对火焰起抑制作用的ABC干粉灭火剂降温效率更高、扑灭效果更好。     

不同聚合度的聚磷酸铵灭火性能研究*

为考察聚磷酸铵（APP）干粉灭火剂的聚合度对其灭火性能的影响,选用3种不同聚合度的APP,结合其晶体结构、粒度分布及热性能测试,并通过粉体杯式燃烧器进行小尺寸灭火实验,对比3种样品的灭火性能及灭火机理,研究聚合度与其灭火性能的关系。热性能测试结果显示,聚合度的升高会导致APP的热稳定性下降,随着聚合度从80升至1 500,其初始分解温度从326.11 ℃降低至321.54 ℃,失重率从75.21%增加至79.66%。实验结果表明:随着APP聚合度的增加,火焰降温速率升高,最小灭火浓度（MEC）降低,灭火性能增强,当聚合度为1 500时,MEC为118.143 g/m3。聚合度的升高有助于APP在进入火场后更早、更充分地与火焰发生反应,从而使灭火性能得到提升。     

新型环保水系灭火剂的制备及灭火效果测试

对化学添加剂的灭火原理及其灭火性能进行研究,利用表面活性剂的复配原理,制备出pH值呈中性、完全溶于水的高效环保型水系灭火剂。并通过灭火平台系统对油盘火和固体堆垛的灭火效果进行测试分析。结果表明,含有3%添加量和5%添加量的配方灭火剂的灭火效能比使用纯水有较大的提高,对油盘的火势面积加权计算可以得到添加该配方的灭火剂灭火效能约为纯水的2.5倍。含有5%添加量的配方灭火剂对木垛火的灭火效能约为纯水的1倍,而且不易复燃。对研究可燃物质的阻燃以及消防灭火具有理论指导意义和实际应用价值。     

复配超细粉体三相泡沫的制备与稳定性研究

为改善泡沫灭火剂的高温稳定性和抗复燃性能,将石墨粉、膨润土和空心玻璃微珠按一定比例复配加入泡沫灭火剂中制备防灭火三相泡沫,利用自主设计的实验台架,研究其发泡、稳泡及油面热稳定性等主要性能,分析复配超细粉体对泡沫灭火剂稳定性的影响机理。实验证明,复配粉体的加入可使泡沫灭火剂在高温下的稳定时间延长10倍以上,粉体颗粒会在泡沫表面形成一层致密壳层,增强泡沫的隔热阻燃性能,石墨粉的存在使壳层更加致密且增强了泡沫的流动性,但会对泡沫的发泡性能产生较大的影响,当空心玻璃微珠和石墨粉的添加质量比为5∶2时,整体效果较好。     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of dry-water containing phosphoric acid for new fire suppressant

To overcome the shortcomings of phosphorus-containing compounds (PCCs, not widely used) in fire suppression, the dry water powder containing phosphoric acid was analyzed for a new fire suppressant (SiO₂-P). First, the fine conditions (solid-to-liquid ratio, stirring time and stirring speed) were determined to prepare the new powder. The particle size distributions and XPS of SiO₂-P powder were analyzed. The TG tests were conducted to study the decomposition of powder, and there was a major decomposition peak. Second, the extinguishing time of SiO₂-P powder was tested, which showed that the SiO₂-P powder containing phosphorus species could significantly improve the fire suppression ability. In addition, the kinetic parameters of powder decomposition reaction were determined by genetic algorithm based on TG results. Last, based on the decomposition products and kinetic parameters, the burning velocity and mass fraction of free radicals of CH₄/air flame with SiO₂-P powder addition were studied theoretically. The results indicated that SiO₂-P powder had great ability of reducing the burning velocity and scavenging free radicals. Furthermore, the suppression effects were analyzed, which indicated that the cooperation of H₂O and P suppression effect dominated the suppression mechanism and resulted in the good suppression efficiency.     

高水无机材料防灭火性能影响因素研究与实践*

为进一步揭示高水无机材料抑制煤自燃机理，将其更好地应用于煤矿防灭火领域，开展高水无机材料流动渗透性能实验与高水无机材料抑制煤堆自燃实验，研究不同水灰比和不同空隙率条件下高水无机材料浆液流动渗透规律和高水无机材料浆液煤堆自燃降温规律。结果表明:高水无机材料浆液的水灰比和煤块间的间隙宽度对其流动渗透性能有显著影响，煤堆不同径向距离处的温度均呈现出开始迅速降低、之后缓慢降低的2个降温阶段。三河尖矿防灭火工程实践应用表明水灰比28∶1的高水无机材料浆液有较好的防灭火效果。     

超细粉体灭火装置在电火花成形机床的应用

为了评估超细粉体灭火装置用于电火花成形机床的技术可行性,通过全尺度灭火实验研究与计算分析,研究超细粉体灭火装置对电火花成形机床火灾的灭火有效性,进一步提出适宜的灭火应用方式和灭火剂设计用量计算方法。结果表明,超细粉体灭火装置可迅速、有效扑灭电火花成形机火灾,超细粉体灭火剂的最低灭火用量为90g,装置响应时间为7～24s,灭火时间为1～4s;基于顶部敞口设计模式的电火花成形机床不符合全淹没灭火应用条件,应采用局部灭火应用方式;根据局部应用灭火系统体积法设计方法,提出了超细粉体灭火装置用于电火花成形机床时的灭火剂设计用量计算方法。该研究有助于超细粉体灭火装置的工程设计,对电火花成形机床的火灾防护具有重要意义。     

含添加剂细水雾灭火性能评价方法探讨

采用正交实验设计方法,设计了含添加剂细水雾灭火有效性实验,大大减少了实验工作量;同时通过灭火时间、温度变化、烟气成分变化、火焰形状变化4个灭火有效性评价参数和添加剂的灭火效率、对环境的影响程度、价格、稳定性、对系统的腐蚀性5个主要性能参数,建立了含添加剂细水雾灭火剂性能的综合评价方法;结合具体实验运用综合评价方法对含添加剂细水雾灭火实验数据进行综合分析,得出其中的最优添加剂。提出的含添加剂细水雾灭火性能的综合评价方法,对研究细水雾灭火具有一定的理论指导意义和实际应用价值。     

泵串联水灭火系统在森林防火方面的应用

现阶段为了适应国际及国内防火形势,出现了以水灭火为主要形式的灭火方式,并且在实际灭火中体现出巨大的优势.其中泵串联水灭火就是一种很好的形式.林海集团设计了一套远距离接力水泵串联供水灭火系统,尝试以手抬水泵(消防泵)接力供水的方式,从有水源的地方经过消防泵的增压,通过消防水带输送到火场,为水灭火工作提供条件,以实现水灭火.     

半封闭空间中水喷淋和泡沫灭火系统灭油池火实验研究

为了对比泡沫灭火系统和水喷淋灭火系统的灭火效率，采用装有400 mL汽油或柴油的280 mm×280 mm油盆模拟火源，分析了0.35，0.48和0.75 MPa压力下泡沫灭火系统和水喷淋灭火系统灭油池火的灭火时间、降温冷却效率及火焰面积。结果表明:泡沫灭火系统比水喷淋灭火系统灭油池火的效果更好，对汽油火的灭火时间比水喷淋灭火系统缩短了35.3%，压力对于灭火效率没有影响；柴油火的灭火效率随压力的增加而增加，不同压力下灭火时间比水喷淋灭火系统分别缩短了35.7%,42.9%和66.4%。     

水系灭火剂的灭火性能对比分析研究

水是扑救A类火灾最常用的灭火剂,但水也存在流动易损失等不足,通过改变水的物理及化学性能可以提高水的灭火效率.试验表明强化水灭火效果和抗燃效果均优于水,但优势有限且价格较高;润湿水灭火及抗燃趋势均不明显,但良好的润湿渗透作用使其在扑救塑料类等火灾中发挥出明显的优势;粘性水因提高了水的粘度,增加了固水和封堵作用使其在抗燃方面具有显著的优势,其中的无机硅凝胶对堆垛或自燃类火灾的防、灭火效果最好,但高分子水胶体会因添加量小、无腐蚀性等优点替代无机硅凝胶用于煤矿井下火灾的预防和控制.     

基于灰色关联分析的变压器油池火灭火有效性评估*

为对比不同灭火系统扑灭变压器油池火灾有效性,提升变压器油池火灭火效能,从效能评估工具、灭火临界参数、行业法规中提取并确定变压器油池火灭火有效性评估指标集,包括3个观测变量,6个具体指标。采用Otsu’s算法处理火灾图像确定火焰面积,通过层次分析法确定各观测变量和具体指标权重,应用灰色关联法构建变压器油池灭火有效性评估模型。以水喷雾、细水雾、泡沫-水喷雾以及泡沫-细水雾扑灭变压器油池火为例,分别计算4种不同灭火系统下的灭火有效性。研究结果表明:灭火方案有效性为泡沫细水雾（1.000）>纯水细水雾（0.653）>泡沫水喷雾（0.447）>纯水水喷雾（0.333）。该评估模型可以将消防监测终端采集的消防大数据与人工智能技术有效结合,有助于提升变压器消防安全管理智能化水平。     

复合干粉灭火剂抑制食用油火的试验研究

为改善普通碳酸氢钠干粉灭火剂(BC干粉)抑制食用油火时抗复燃性较差的不足,选择聚磷酸铵、溴化钾和一水合草酸钾作为添加剂,与普通BC干粉灭火剂混合配制成复合干粉灭火剂。通过全尺度模拟试验研究各种复合粉体对食用油火的灭火效果及其抗复燃性能。结果证明,普通BC干粉与一水合草酸钾复配而成的复合粉体针对食用油火的灭火效果和抗复燃性能在几种粉体中最佳。根据试验数据和各粉体的理化特性,对4种粉体的灭火效果差异作了详细的分析和讨论。     

Experimental investigation on extinguishing performance of a novel nanocomposite for gaseous fires

A novel nanocomposite was synthesized by incorporating three different types of flame-retardants and its extinguishing performance was tested for gaseous fires. The nanocomposite consists of the inorganic magnesium hydroxide (MH) nanoparticles as the dominant component, the nitrogen-based melamine cyanurate (MCA), and the phosphorus-based ODOPB. The wet mixing, dry mixing, and ultrasonic agitation were employed in the preparation process to enhance the homogeneity of the nanocomposite. The prepared powders were characterized using a series of analytical instruments including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravity analyzer (TGA), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The efficiency of various samples in extinguishing gaseous fires was investigated in a lab-scale extinguishing system. The fire extinguishing tests indicated that the nanocomposite is considerably more effective in fire extinguishing than other powders in terms of extinction time and agent mass consumed. The fire extinction time of nanocomposite was 45.2% shorter than that of commercial ABC-MAP powder. Furthermore, the consumed amount of nanocomposite was 63.2% less than that of commercial powder. In addition, the order of extinguishing mass concentrations was as follows: the novel nanocomposite (103.7 g/m³) < MH/MCA (148.1 g/m³) < MH/ODOPB (155.6 g/m³) < MH (170.4 g/m³) < commercial ABC powder (281.5 g/m³) < MCA/ODOPB (384.1 g/m³). The fire suppression mechanisms of the nanocomposite were also discussed. It was inferred that the extinguishing mechanism of nanocomposite comprised of simultaneous chemical and physical inhibition actions involving chemical inhibition action, cooling action, and asphyxiation action. This study provides a promising attempt to gain benefits from the striking features of nanotechnology and flame-retardants in extinguishing gaseous fires.     

泡沫-细水雾对变压器油池火的冷却及热辐射阻隔特性研究

泡沫-细水雾在全尺寸变压器灭火实验中展现出高效灭火性能。纯水细水雾具有冷却效果好、热辐射阻隔能力强的特点,但添加泡沫灭火剂后对其冷却及热辐射阻隔特性的影响机制尚不明确。对泡沫-细水雾和纯水细水雾的冷却与热辐射阻隔特性进行了对比实验,并基于雾特性测试结果对相应性能的差异进行了分析。发现添加泡沫灭火剂后能降低水雾的粒径,从而令泡沫-细水雾的冷却和热辐射阻隔性能优于纯水细水雾。此外,泡沫灭火剂中的阻燃物质也是加速火焰熄灭的重要因素。研究结果可为变压器灭火系统选择、泡沫-细水雾系统工况参数优化等方面提供理论指导。     

防治煤矿火灾的凝胶泡沫材料制备及其性能研究*

为解决纯水玻璃（WG）凝胶泡沫强度低、泡沫稳定性差易破碎,凝胶固水性差等问题。将保水剂和成膜剂引入WG凝胶泡沫中,对水玻璃凝胶泡沫进行优化设计,最终制备出保水性高、泡沫稳定性高、成膜性好的WG凝胶泡沫。研究结果表明:WG凝胶泡沫材料的最佳复配体系是发泡剂为十二烷基醇醚硫酸酯钠（AES）和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)按1∶2比例复配,浓度为0.8%,胶凝剂WG浓度为8%,交联剂NaHCO3浓度为2%,聚丙烯酰胺浓度为0.4%,成膜剂A浓度为1%,保水剂B浓度为0.3%;改性后WG凝胶泡沫具有更加紧密的网状结构,稳定性好,并且具有较好的成膜性,常温下半衰期达40 d;阻化实验表明,100 ℃此凝胶泡沫阻化率高达78.35%,能有效减缓煤的氧化放热速率抑制自燃;煤堆燃烧实验表明,改性后WG凝胶泡沫能有效抑制煤的燃烧,防止煤复燃。     

石灰凝胶阻化剂防灭火技术在高硫矿的应用研究

在分析现有凝胶阻化剂防灭火机理的基础上 ,笔者针对我国高硫煤矿采空区发火特点 ,研制出石灰凝胶阻化剂的配方 ,并对其防灭火机理进行了详细探讨 ,确定了喷洒该种阻化剂的工艺过程及其应注意的问题。根据现场试验的测定数据表明 ,石灰凝胶阻化剂对高硫煤矿的防灭火效果好     

水成膜泡沫对变压器油池火的窒息特性研究

水成膜泡沫在油类表面的窒息作用是扑灭油类火灾的重要机理之一,针对自行开发的快速型泡沫灭火剂开展了其对油池火的窒息灭火特性研究。首先通过老化试验测试了泡沫液的热稳定性,然后对比了不同成分泡沫液在25＃变压器油表面的铺展特性,之后研究了不同发泡倍率和成分的泡沫液对油池火的窒息灭火效果及影响规律。研究发现,铺展性能不佳的泡沫液会逐渐丧失窒息能力,而铺展性能优异的泡沫液能持续发挥窒息作用。提升泡沫液热稳定性有利于在油面形成稳定的液膜,隔绝氧气并降低可燃分子挥发速率。此外,发泡倍率较低的泡沫液的流动性更强,在相同液体流量条件下低倍数泡沫的窒息灭火效果更优。自研的快速型泡沫灭火剂在热稳定性和铺展性能两方面均具备优良的性能,因此其窒息灭火效率和抗复燃能力优于现有的大部分同类泡沫灭火剂。     

粘性水灭火剂性能试验及灭火机理研究

水是常用灭火剂 ,但流失严重 ,灭火效率不高。在水中加入添加剂 ,提高水在固体表面的粘附性 ,减少流失 ,可显著提高灭火速度。笔者提出了应具有屈服假塑性流体特性的粘性水灭火剂 ,能在物体表面形成稳定的覆盖层 ,并具有较低的输送阻力。在水中加入 0 .4 %的KD - 1型添加剂 ,制成的粘性水灭火剂就具有上述的流体力学特性 ,该粘性水可在固体表面形成 1～ 5mm的稳定覆盖层。在木材火灾灭火试验中 ,粘性水的灭火时间是水灭火的 1/ 4。笔者还研讨了粘性水灭火剂的灭火机理 ,并指出该灭火剂适用的范围和开发前景。