耕作方式对农田土壤PAHs分布特征的影响

以沈抚灌区为研究区域,分析了不同耕作方式对农田土壤多环芳烃分布及组成的影响.结果表明,停灌30 a来,沈抚灌区周边不同耕作方式的农田土壤受PAHs污染仍较为严重,属于中度以上污染.美国环保署(USEPA)规定的16种PAHs中有15种被检测出,主要富集在表层土壤(0～20 cm),质量比为3 518～9 140 μg/kg,以高环芳烃(>4环)为主;亚表层土壤(20～40 cm)中PAHs质量比显著低于表层土壤,以低环芳烃(<4环)为主.不同耕作方式对农田土壤PAHs质量比影响较大,表层土壤水田耕作下土壤PAHs残留量最高,水田-旱田轮作比长期旱田耕作模式下土壤PAHs质量比高70%;亚表层土壤中耕作下长期旱田耕作下土壤PAHs质量比最低,为1 020 μg/kg.亚表层土壤PAHs与有机质存在着显著的相关性(p<0.05).w(IcP)/[w(IcP)+w(BgP)]和w(Fla)/[w(Fla)+w(Pyr)]分析表明,表层土壤PAHs来源除受长期污灌影响外,耕作方式和环境因素不容忽视.     

某石油污染滩涂沉积物中总石油烃和多环芳烃组成分布特征及源解析

对石油污染滩涂区域不同高程表层沉积物和部分垂直剖面沉积物进行采样分析,分别采用紫外分光光度法和气相色谱质谱联用法测定了沉积物中的TPH(总石油烃)和16种优控PAHs(多环芳烃),分析其组成分布特征,并进行了源解析。结果表明:中低潮滩表层沉积物中TPH质量比在15.20~63.27 mg/kg,与对照点质量比水平相当,远低于《海洋沉积物质量标准》(1 000 mg/kg),PAHs均未检出;高潮滩表层沉积物中TPH质量比在1 070.00~46 327.20 mg/kg,显著高于对照点和相应中低潮滩沉积物中污染物质量比,部分点位严重超出《海洋沉积物质量标准》,PAHs质量比在0.60~30.90 mg/kg,多数点位属于重度污染;3号点和7号点高潮滩垂直剖面样品中TPH和PAHs质量比呈现随深度增加而降低的趋势,9号点则相反;高潮滩沉积物中TPH和PAHs质量比之间呈显著正相关关系(Pearson相关系数r为0.985,p0.01),具有同源性;各点位TPH均以C17~C36质量分数最高,其占比为80.15%~94.40%,PAHs组成均以2~3环为主,占比为58.14%~87.70%,低环PAHs以萘、芴和菲为主要污染物。TPH和PAHs组分特征表明,研究区域的滩涂沉积物受到了重油污染影响。     

长江口及毗邻海域沉积物中多环芳烃分布、来源及风险评价

采用GC-MS联用技术分析了长江口及毗邻海域的表层沉积物样品中16种多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, PAHs)的质量比,对其组分、分布、来源及生态风险水平进行了探讨.结果表明,长江口及其毗邻海域PAHs的质量比为229.6～1 242 ng·g-1(平均值为919.2 ng·g-1),检出的16种PAHs均以4～6环为主,占PAHs总量的62.07%～89.28%; 采用2～4环低相对分子质量与5～6环高相对分子质量的比值(Mr(LMW)/Mr(HMW)),荧蒽与芘的比值(Mr(FLUA)/Mr(PYR))分析PAHs的来源情况,结果显示研究区域中PAHs主要来源于石油源; 采用国外沉积物质量评价方法的生物影响效应低值(Effects Range Low, ERL)和生物影响效应中值(Effects Range Median, ERM)对PAHs污染水平进行评价,研究区域PAHs的污染水平相对较低,对底栖生物产生危害风险的可能性较小.     

新疆伊犁河灌区土壤地球化学特征研究

根据2009年伊犁河灌区土壤监测和取样分析资料,运用半方差函数与克里格插值法,对伊犁河灌区土壤盐分和主要离子组成特征与空间分布情况进行研究.结果表明,研究区0～3 cm土层含盐量约占0～60 cm土层含盐量的60.19％,土壤盐分剖面分布呈现表聚性.土壤各层盐分质量比与主要离子质量比呈现强烈的空间变异性.表层土壤主要离子总体上在东西向和南北向上呈二阶趋势效应.从克里格插值结果可以看出,研究区表层土壤离子组成的空间分布格局基本相似,即各离子质量比最高值均出现在研究区的中、西部区域,并形成了区域土壤的积盐中心.     

三峡库区重庆段重点水域沉积物多环芳烃的污染特征及生态风险评价

采用液相色谱法对三峡库区重庆段9个断面沉积物样品的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析。结果表明,三峡库区重庆段沉积物中ΣPAHs质量比范围为68.6~4 226 ng/g,平均质量比为685 ng/g;7种致癌单体Σ7PAHs质量比范围为23.7~1 265 ng/g,平均值为261ng/g,属中等污染水平。沉积物中ΣPAHs质量比最高点位于化工园区下游,其余断面质量比较低且变化较小;化工园区下游以2~3环为主,占总量的50.66%,其余断面以5~6环为主,占总量的25.90%~67.01%。沉积物中PAHs来源主要为木柴、煤燃料的高温燃烧。沉积物质量基准法和质量标准法评价结果表明,化工园区下游沉积物存在生态风险,有必要开展PAHs污染来源调查和底质生态修复研究;其余断面存在潜在生态风险,需加强监测。     

炼焦粉尘中多环芳烃分布规律的研究

分别采集某焦化厂新、老厂地面站,炼焦焦炉和成品焦仓的4个排放筒粉尘样品,通过超声波萃取和高效液相色谱的方法,对炼焦过程中几个排污节点排放粉尘中富含的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.数据显示:炼焦焦炉排放筒中PAHs的质量浓度最高,达86.95μg·m~(-3);新厂地面站排放筒中PAHs的质量浓度最低,为6.09μg·m~(-3);从粉尘中PAHs单组分的分布特征来看,4个点位粉尘样品中共检出14种PAHs,菲和荧蒽的含量均很高,其中炼焦焦炉排放简粉尘中苯并[b]荧蒽的含馈最高;4个样品粉尘中不同环数PAHs的分布规律为,主要以低环数的PAils为主,仅炼焦焦炉排放筒中的分布规律不一致,以高环数的PAHs为主;从排放筒排放物污染水平分析,以炼焦焦炉排放筒最为突出,粉尘的质量浓度为国家3级标准的75.7倍,苯并[a]芘的质量浓度介于1级和2级标准之间.可见,焦化厂排放物对环境的污染严重,而炼焦过程中产生的多环芳烃对环境的污染更甚.     

我国主要地区表层沉积物中16种PAHs的污染特征

为全面了解我国表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染状况,对近10年文献报道的105组数据进行整理归纳,分析了我国沉积物中16种PAHs污染水平、组成特征和空间分布特征.结果表明,我国主要地区表层沉积物中PAHs质量比范围为ND(未检出)～27 510 ng/g,均值和中位值分别为789.1 ng/g和477.0 ng/g,总体处于中度污染水平;其中,高相对分子质量PAHs占61.6％.按水体类型分,河湖沉积物中PAHs质量比中位值高于近海;按地域分,河湖沉积物中PAHs质量比中位值分布呈西部和北部偏高、东部和南部偏低的特点;近海沉积物中黄海PAHs质量比中位值偏高,其他海域相近.这主要与气候条件、能源消耗、产业结构和水动力学等因素有关.目前,我国沉积物中PAHs生态风险整体偏低,但局部地区污染严重,会对当地产生一定生态影响.     

昆山市大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs污染特征研究

使用GC-MS法测定了201 3年昆山市不同地区大气PM2.5中PAHs的污染水平,并用比值法进行了来源简析.研究发现2013年昆山地区一共可检出13种PAHs,年平均浓度范围在0.12 ～ 4.59ng/m3之间,浓度最高的为BghiP.从季节变化看,PAHs季节变化明显,大部分PAHs和∑PAHs浓度值大小为春季＞冬季＞夏季＞秋季.从空间分布来说,城郊的∑PAHs最低,年均值为16.05 ng/m3,其余地区数值较为接近.从PAHs环数分布情况看,从高到低依次为4环＞5环＞6环＞2环＞3环.通过比值法发现,机动车尾气的排放是昆山市PAHs的主要来源.     

河北曹妃甸近海沉积物中多环芳烃的含量、分布、来源及生态风险评价

2010年9月在河北曹妃甸近海采集表层沉积物样品,用气相色谱质谱仪(GC/MS)测定分析16种US EPA(美国国家环境保护署)优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs).结果表明,曹妃甸近海9个站位沉积物中的PAHs质量比为267.2～ 858.2 ng/g,平均值为376.5 ng/g,其高值区位于原油码头东部.与国内外其他区域沉积物中的PAHs质量比进行对比发现,曹妃甸近海沉积物中PAHs的质量比总体处于中等水平.本次调查检出的PAHs种类较多,主要同系物为菲(Phe)、芴(Fl)和荧蒽(Flu).与国内研究的渤海湾近岸表层沉积物PAHs质量比进行对比发现,曹妃甸近海表层沉积物中萘、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘等组分质量比要高出很多,这与曹妃甸石油化工与机械制造等发展迅速密切相关.异构体比值法分析表明,该区表层沉积物中PAHs主要来源于生物质、煤及燃料燃烧.根据效应区间值进行生态风险评价,结果表明,曹妃甸沉积物对周围生物的影响较小.与国内一些典型区域的生态风险研究进行对比分析发现,各研究区域均存在芴超过影响范围低值(Effects Range Low,ERL)的站位.潜在影响等级(Probable Effects Level,PEL)分析表明,同系物中的芴也存在超过相应标准值的站位,应引起海洋环保部门的重视.     

煤矿区农田土壤多环芳烃生态风险评估方法比较

调查了迁安煤矿区农田土壤中优先控制的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)质量比,通过同一尺度对生态效应低中值、风险商值法(RQ)、有机碳归一化法及苯并(a)芘毒性等效当量4种常用评估方法的评估结果进行了比较,并尝试将商值法(RQ)与苯并(a)芘毒性等效当量(TEQBaP)相结合对该矿区土壤进行风险评估.结果表明,煤矿区农田土壤中16种PAHs总量为118.10～1 042.31 μg/kg,并以2～4环为主.4种生态风险方法评估结果与衡量尺度比较表明,生态效应低中值、RQ两种方法对PAHs处于低水平的地区适用性欠佳;有机碳归一化法及苯并(a)芘毒性等效当量两种方法能较好地表征该地区PAHs的生态风险水平,但不能对不同污染水平下的生态风险程度予以分级.RQ-TEQ复合法评估结果显示,11％土壤样品存在重度生态风险,11％处于中度风险,45％存在轻度生态风险,22％处于警戒线范畴,11％不存在生态风险.与单一方法相比,复合方法评估结果分级明确,与衡量尺度吻合较好,较适用于该煤矿区PAHs的生态风险评估.     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

WTO与中国安全生产

新世纪之始,中国将要迈进世界贸易组织（ＷＴＯ）。在入世的过程中,与美国为首的发达国家之间始终存在着阻挠与反阻挠、限制与反限制的斗争,目前虽已告一段落,但远未结束。可以预见,中国加入ＷＴＯ之后,斗争非但不会停止,甚至可能会更复杂、更激烈。这场经济、贸易斗争实际上还有着深刻的政治与社会背景。最近几年,发达国家一直在努力使社会条款纳入世界经济贸易体系之中,在“关注发展中国家人权状况”的旗号下,反复提出“劳工标准”问题,即把本国安全生产问题与国际贸易挂钧。实际上这是“涂上绿色’”的贸易保护主义。中国是一…     

九月北京，国际盛会

第二届中国国际安全生产论坛于9月2日在人民大会堂开幕,国务委员、国务院秘书长华建敏,国家局局长王显政,国际劳工组织东亚地区局局长克里斯廷等领导参加开幕式