Analysis of noise pollution in an andesite quarry with the use of simulation studies and evaluation indices

This paper presents the verification of two partial indices proposed for the evaluation of continuous and impulse noise pollution in quarries. These indices, together with the sound power of machines index and the noise hazard index at the workstation, are components of the global index of assessment of noise hazard in the working environment of a quarry. This paper shows the results of acoustic tests carried out in an andesite quarry. Noise generated by machines and from performed blasting works was investigated. On the basis of acoustic measurements carried out in real conditions, the sound power levels of machines and the phenomenon of explosion were determined and, based on the results, three-dimensional models of acoustic noise propagation in the quarry were developed. To assess the degree of noise pollution in the area of the quarry, the continuous and impulse noise indices were used.     

铅与噪声对蓄电池制造作业工人健康影响的联合作用

探讨铅与噪声对蓄电池制造作业工人的联合作用,为职业危害联合作用健康管理提供科学依据。依据蓄电池厂作业工人的职业史调查、环境检测和生物检测资料,将研究对象分为铅与噪声联合暴露组、单纯铅暴露组、正常组,分析比较3组作业工人的听力损伤、神经系统和消化系统症状、贫血结果。结果显示在4 000 Hz和6 000 Hz频率段,联合组听力异常率及听阈均值高于单纯铅暴露组和正常组(P0.05),与单纯铅暴露组和正常组比较,联合组的神经系统和消化系统症状率明显增多(P0.05)。表明铅和噪声联合作用可增加作业者的听觉系统、神经系统和消化系统症状患病,并提出相应管理对策。     

电子工业脉冲噪声对工人健康影响的调查研究

对电子行业接触脉冲噪声的冲压工进行了调查，其脉冲噪声水平波动在１０２～１１２ｄＢ（八）之间（峰值），对作业工人听力已产生不同程度的损伤，心电图在中高工龄组有改变。还分析了脉冲噪声引起听力损失与暴露时间有密切关系。提出了进一步加强安全监督管理的对策。     

某新建城市轨道交通高架车站噪声现状-站台部分

为研究新建城市轨道交通高架站台噪声现状及特点,以及站台工作人员的累积噪声暴露量,选取某线的ZFL站、GML站和HQ站进行了实地测量。从噪声级、频谱和进出站列车时间与声级关系几方面对测量结果进行了分析。结果显示,站台列车进站LAeq值为78dB(A),出站LAeq值为79dB(A)。无列车通过时背景噪声LAeq值（白天）为66~74dB(A)。倍频程频谱分析得出,站台列车进站出站噪声具有宽频带噪声特征。时间历程分析得出,站台列车进站和出站的平均时间是30s和29s。进站第13s达到最大值LAF max 78~89dB(A)。出站第15s达到最大值LAF max 82~90dB(A)。站台工作人员白班噪声暴露量为LAeq 73dB(A),夜班噪声暴露量为LAeq 72dB(A)。     

Noise Control Strategies for Occupational Safety and Better Working Environments

Hearing impairment in humans due to occupational noise exposure is one of the significant occupational diseases in many countries. The equipment to measure noise levels and daily noise exposure in existing noisy environments is readily available and can be used to assess the risk of hearing damage. This article examines the currently legislated hearing damage risk criterion and compares the two main noise level-time trade-off schemes being used. The engineering methods for controlling excessive noise levels and techniques to either bring them below the hearing damage risk threshold or to within an acceptable range for the workplace requirement are discussed, together with the expected improvements by such measures.     

听力防护装备为健康筑起安全防线

随着我国工业的发展,噪声危害的分布范围越来越广,人们接触噪声的机会日益增多。长期接触噪声会对人体多个系统产生不良影响,其中尤以对听觉器官的损害最为突出。本文针对噪声的概念及噪声作业听力防护,分析了噪声对人体健康的影响因素及其主要损害,阐述了预防和控制噪声的个体防护装备,提出了噪声性听力损伤的自身防护早发现早防治措施。     

Hearing Protectors: Topicality and Research Needs

Occupational noise specialists do not generally recommend hearing protection devices (HPDs) as a preferred solution to noise risk prevention. Nevertheless, these devices are widely used and are in fact often necessary. Selection of an HPD should take into account comfort and the capacity for perceiving external signals, when they are worn. Current European regulations require that HPD attenuation be considered, when comparing noise exposure to limit values. However, HPD attenuation is effectively unknown under real-world conditions. Some methods are designed to give approximate attenuation values and these provide results within a wide statistical range. Field measurement methods and current standards have been developed to deal with this situation. The specific characteristic of impulse noise requires establishment of dedicated criteria and tools for HPD selection and testing. This paper introduces a number of avenues for research, which could be of assistance in improving HPD selection, qualification and design.     

八十年代工业噪声控制的几个主要进展——我国工业噪声控制技术水平评述

回顾并阐述了80年代国内外在工业噪声控制方面的几个主要进展。通过对比,分析评述我国当前工业噪声控制技术的实际水平。虽然我国在噪声控制技术的某些方面,例如计算机在工业噪声预测和控制方面的应用、声强测量、有源消声的实际应用等方面,同国外相比尚有一定差距,但就总体来说,我国的噪声控制技术水平同世界先进国家相比,大体相当,有的方面甚至还要超过。为达到有效控制我国工业噪声危害的目的,建议除进一步加强噪声控制技术的研究外,制定并推行有效的听力保护计划是至关重要的。     

柴油发电机房的噪声控制技术

柴油发电机组是一种广泛使用的备用供电设备,机组引发的环境噪声污染问题日益得到重视.对某电信局紧急备用的柴油发电机组进行噪声频谱特性分析和周围环境状况的分析,针对性地提出吸声、隔声、消声、减振以及通风散热的治理措施.经过治理后,达到了环境噪声Ⅱ类区域排放标准的要求,同时也满足了柴油发电机组工作时的通风散热要求.     

某新建城市轨道交通高架车站噪声现状-设备房与管理用房部分

为研究新建城市轨道交通高架车站设备房和管理用房噪声现状及特点,以及巡视设备房工作人员的累积噪声暴露量,选取某线的ZFL站、GML站和HQ站,对其六类设备房及管理用房进行了实地测量,并对噪声测量结果进行分析。结果显示:设备房中最大噪声为400V开关柜室74 dB(A)。三个站六类设备房噪声在56～74 dB(A)之间。管理用房噪声在53～65 dB(A)之间。站厅噪声随人流多少而变化,低频声较高。巡视设备间工作人员最大噪声暴露量是65dB(A)。     

纺织企业噪声职业危害风险评价及降噪措施

噪声是纺织业的主要职业危害之一。纺织企业生产车间的噪声不仅会影响到纺织生产的效率、工人的工作能力及安全,还会对纺织工人的健康造成危害,甚至导致职业病。以南方某纺织企业为研究对象,对其生产车间的噪声进行了调查测量,并采用职业病作业危害、职业接触风险评估二种评价方法,对该企业各生产工序的噪声职业危害进行风险评价,得出评价结论,从声源、声传播途径、个体防护及管理制度四个方面提出了降噪措施,以便更好地加强防治,预防减少噪声职业危害。     

我国纺织噪声暴露现状及听力损失情况预测

通过对国内纺织业从业人员数量、工龄的统计和企业实地噪声情况的调查，借鉴ISO1999—1975（E）和其它相关方法预测我国纺织行业噪声暴露情况和从业人员的听力损失情况。经过预测，结果显示纺织从业人员暴露于85dB以下噪声的约有289．3万人，85～95dB约有381．2万人，高于95dB约有329．5万人；对于听力损失的预测，采用悲观和乐观法分别进行预测，结果表明约有100．57万人和21．61万人患有听力损失；结合实际调研情况对预测数据进行修正，结果表明目前我国纺织行业约有70．96万人患有听力损失。     

Design of Optimal Noise Hazard Control Strategy With Budget Constraint

An analytical design procedure to determine optimal noise hazard control strategies for industrial facilities is presented. Its objective is to determine a set of appropriate noise controls to eliminate or reduce noise levels so that workers ‘ daily noise exposure does not exceed a permissible level. From a given noise control budget, engineering controls will be firstly implemented, followed by administrative controls, and then the use of hearing protection devices. Six optimization models are developed and sequentially applied to select appropriate noise controls without exceeding the budget. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed design procedure.     

城市轨道交通站台噪声测量研究

为研究城市轨道交通高架和地下站台噪声的规律和特点,选取某条线路中的3个高架站台以及3条线路中的7个地下站台进行实地测量,并对测量结果进行分析。研究结果表明:地下站台LAeq值都低于标准限值80 dB(A);站台的中心测点列车进站LAeq值和列车出站LAeq值都非常接近,使用T检验结果得出各站台中心测点列车进站LAeq值和列车出站LAeq值不存在显著差异（P>0.05）;站台测量时要考虑大客流带来的喧闹声;站台最大噪声值是列车出站时,位于站台列车车头停止位置。     

Determining Attenuation of Impulse Noise With an Electrical Equivalent of a Hearing Protection Device

Determining the effectiveness of impulse noise attenuation with hearing protection devices (HPDs) is an important part of their selection. Measuring impulse noise parameters under an HPD would involve exposing subjects to impulses with a high peak sound pressure level. This paper presents a computational method of determining impulse noise parameters under the cups of earmuffs. Calculations are done using the transfer function of earmuffs, determined with Shaw’s electrical equivalent of an HPD, taking into account the design parameters of earmuffs. The developed method was used for calculations in the presence of impulse noise generated by gunshots. To verify the computational method, the results of these calculations were compared with the results of measurements.     

水源热泵的噪声特性与控制研究

近年来,水源热泵机组由于其具有明显的优势在居民楼供热方面应用越来越广泛,但同时也带来了严重的噪声扰民问题。本文以某住宅小区水源热泵机组的噪声治理为例,通过对现场测量数据的处理,着重分析了水源热泵机组的噪声特性。通过对现场检测分析了噪声声源以及噪声传播路径,进而详细阐述了从吸声和隔声两个方面阻断声音传播以及安装阻尼隔振器隔断振动传播路径进行噪声治理的方案,结果证明,此方案是一套有效的控制措施,降噪效果明显,能完全满足国家技术标准的要求。     

典型直升机噪声特点及其防护需求分析

直升机工作时,旋翼、尾桨及发动机传动系统可产生90dB （A）以上的噪声。本文从听感知角度分析了典型直升机噪声的声压级、特征频率及能量分布等特点及其防护需求。     

某大型机加车间数控机床噪声暴露特点与分析研究

为研究大型机加车间噪声现状和特点,选取某大型机加车间数控机床开展现场实测,并对噪声测量结果进行分析。结果显示:数控机床产生的噪声是非稳态噪声;数控机床产生的噪声在车间传播,声场分布不均匀;加工某转向工件频率在500～5 300 Hz,峰值频率分别为500,800,2 000,5 000 Hz;对机加数控机床操作岗位工作人员的8 h噪声暴露量进行测量,测量值为89.2 dB(A)。研究结果表明:评价大型机加车间噪声,测量重点应选在机床操作岗位和人行通道;应重点关注被测机床周围20 m内的噪声值;机加工作场所测量时间段的选择取决于作业持续时间。     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的高校室内甲醛暴露健康风险评价

为了量化分析高校新建教学楼室内环境污染引起的健康风险问题,调查了武汉市某高校新建教学楼室内甲醛污染状况,引入美国环保署(EPA)致癌风险模型,运用蒙特卡罗模拟室内甲醛暴露对不同性别的教师和学生受体造成的健康风险,进行不确定性分析,并研究各参数敏感度。结果表明,该教学楼室内的监测点监测得到的甲醛质量浓度数据中有5%超过标准限值(0.10 mg/m³,参照《室内空气质量标准》),存在一定的健康风险。健康风险评估结果显示,男性的癌症风险和超标率略高于女性,教师群体健康风险平均值超过限值(1×10^-6)9倍左右,且高于学生群体3~4倍。对教师造成影响最大的参数为暴露时间,对学生影响最大的参数为甲醛质量浓度,在无致癌风险的室内甲醛质量浓度和在可接受健康风险限值(1×10^-6)下,推荐教师每日平均暴露时间不超过0.31 h/d(男性)和0.35 h/d(女性)。     

A Study of Annoyance Caused by Low-Frequency Noise During Mental Work

This article presents the results of an analysis of annoyance caused by low-frequency noise (including infrasonic noise) that occurs at work stations located in offices. The tests covered measurements of acoustic parameters specific for this type of noise and a survey conducted in the working environment and in laboratory conditions at a model of a work station.