我国森林火灾状况

本刊讯在党中央、国务院的高度重视和正确领导下，历经各级党委、政府和广大人民群众长期努力，我国森林防火工作取得了显著成绩，呈现出可喜的变化。建国以来我国森林火灾呈现三个下降，而且开创了历史最好水平。1．森林火灾次数和发生率大幅度下降。1949～1987年全国森林火灾年均发生1．58万次以上，每10万ha林地发生13．9次森林火灾。1988～1996年全国年均发生森林火灾7495次，每10万ha林地发生6．3次森林火灾，分别下降52．7％和54．7％。2．森林火灾受害面积和火灾受害率有较大下降。1987年以前全国年均森林火灾受害面积为94．1万ha，…     

我国森林火灾问题不容忽视

从有关部门获悉,1950～1997年我国发生67.6万次森林火灾,平均每年发生1.43万次.年均森林受害率高达0.63％。随着森林资源的综合开发利用和林内人群活动日趋频繁,在每年发生的森林火灾中,除少数为雷击、泥炭等自然因素所致之外,大多数森林火灾系人为因素造成。1998年5月内蒙古自治区阿尔山林业局辖区内的森林大火不仅牵动林区职工之心,而且使我     

建议国家林业局为确保林区人财安全积极营造防火绿色长城

中国是森林面积少、森林覆盖率低的少林之国。由于历史的原因,森林火灾较为严重.不仅年森林过火面积和平均每次林火害面积大,而且年火烧森林覆盖率大,属于世界上多森林火灾之国。据有关部门统计表明,我国每10万km~2森林面积每年平均发生10.8次火灾,每10万km~2森林面积的年过火面积比美国、澳大利亚等国都高并名列世界之首。1987年5月黑龙江省大兴安岭特大森林火灾造成114万ha森林过火,其     

森林火灾与哪些气象因素有关

森林火灾是一种突发性强、破坏性大、处置救助较为困难的自然灾害,是森林最主要的风险源。中国是森林火灾频发的国家,平均每年发生森林火灾1.2万余次,占世界的6%左右;平均每年受灾森林面积82万平方公里,占森林面积的0.83%,位于世界前列。按照过火面积的大小和伤亡人数,我国现行标准把森林火灾分为一般森林火灾、较大森林火灾、重大森林火灾和特别重大森林火灾四个等级。     

提高认识 落实措施 把森林火灾上升的势头降下来

我国森林防火工作这几年取得了突破性进展,全国森林火灾受害率由过去的年均8‰下降到年均0.33‰,这个成绩确实是了不起的,无论经济效益、社会效益、生态效益都是十分明显的,应当充分加以肯定。但是,我们决不可盲目乐观,麻痹松劲,要保持清醒头脑,随时研究新情况,解决新问题,进一步把工作做好。1991年以来全国森林火灾呈较大幅度上升趋势,特别是最近一个时期,南方一些省(区)森林火灾比较频繁,还发生几起大的森林火灾和在扑救中伤亡多人的重大事故,必须引起我们的高度警觉和重视。 一、要进一步提高认识, 真正做到警钟常鸣、常抓不懈 这些年来,…     

中国森林火灾周期振荡的小波分析

小波分析具有自适应性和数学显微镜性质,能将交织在一起的不同频率成分组成的复杂的时间序列分解成频率不相同的子序列.本文采用Matlab 6.5软件对1950～2002年中国林火统计资料进行小波分析,采用的小波是Daubechies 10.结果表明,1950～2000年森林火灾受害森林面积总体上呈下降趋势,1995以后受害森林面积基本控制在比较低的水平,年际间变化不大.10年和30年尺度上的变化反应出气候和植被变化对森林火灾的影响,可燃物的变化表现出近10年周期的波动性.1950～2000年中国森林火灾次数整体上是下降的,森林火灾发生次数减少的主要原因是我国对森林火灾的预防、监测和扑救能力都得到显著提高,特别是对人为火源进行了严格控制,近年来林火发生次数保持在相对低的水平.     

西藏森林火灾时空分布规律研究

根据1992～2005年西藏藏族自治区森林火灾统计,分析了森林火灾发生的时间和空间规律.森林火灾的年际间波动较大,2001以来火灾次数呈明显的上升趋势,但主要是火警次数增多.西藏的森林火灾主要发生在春季和冬季,特别是12月～翌年5月,2月和3月份的森林火灾最为严重.从森林火灾的空间分布来看,森林火灾主要发生在藏东南地区,特别是芒康、察隅、林芝和米林等县的森林火灾较多.引起森林火灾的火源主要是由生产用火和生活用火引起的.文中还对西藏森林火灾发生的火环境进行了分析,气候特点和可燃物分布特征决定了西藏的森林防火期为冬春季,火灾多发生在海拔2800 m～3600 m的阳坡针叶林和阔叶林中,以地表火最多,大多火场面积少于10 hm2.根据西藏森林火灾的发生特点,建议今后在防火基础建设、火源管理、可燃物管理、林火预防和扑救等方面加强工作,提高森林防火的能力.     

2005年中国安全生产事故与自然灾害状况

综述了2005年中国安全生产事故状况和自然灾害情况.统计和分析了安全生产事故和自然灾害发生的情况.2005年中国共发生各类安全生产事故717 938起,死亡127 089人,同比分别减少10.7%和7.1 %.煤矿共发生事故3 303起,死亡5 938人,同比分别下降9.2%和1.5%.2005年全国各类自然灾害共造成40 653.7万人(次)受灾,2 475人死亡,直接经济损失2 042亿元.全年农作物受灾面积3 882万hm2,绝收460万hm2.全年发生特大森林火灾3起,因森林火灾造成受害森林面积7.3万hm2.全年因海洋灾害造成直接经济损失约332亿元.全年发生赤潮82次,减少14次;累计赤潮面积约27 070 km2,上升1.7%.全年共发生造成人员伤亡或直接经济损失50万元以上的地质灾害854起,共造成直接经济损失36.5亿元.全年共发生5级以上地震13次,受灾人口208万人,受灾面积15 040 km2,造成直接经济损失26 亿元.2005年中国安全生产事故的发生较2004年有所缓和,但自然灾害状况较2004年严重.     

森林火灾何时多

森林火灾在许多林业国家都是一种严重的自然灾害,世界上每年发生森林火灾约20万次。我国也是一个森林火灾多发国家,平均每年发生森林火灾1.5万多次。林火可导致森林资源大量损失,造成人员伤亡,环境破坏,甚至影响生态平衡。1987年5月,发生在大兴安岭林区持续28天的森林大火,曾经造成直接经济损失达5亿元人民币。　　森林火灾发生的季节、时段,林火的强度和蔓延的程度,受当时气象条件的制约和影响,与温度、降水、湿度和风等因素密不可分。　　一般来讲,温度与林火发生的可能性是成正比的,在一定范围内,温度越高,越易发生火灾。就黑龙江省而言,…     

红外热成像技术在林火安防中应用

正背景根据全国森林资源清查最新结果显示,全国森林面积2.08亿公顷,森林覆盖率21.63%,森林蓄积151.37亿立方米;人工林面积0.69亿公顷,蓄积24.83亿立方米。清查结果显示,我国森林资源进入了数量增长、质量提升的稳步发展时期。但是,我国森林覆盖率远低于全球31%的平均水平,人均森林面积仅为世界人均水平的1/4,人均森林蓄积只有世界人均水平的1/7,森林资源极其宝贵。森林火灾是危害森林的大敌,一场火灾在旦夕之间就能把大片苍翠茂密的森林化为灰烬,给国家和集体造成严重损失,还会造成严重的人身伤     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

WTO与中国安全生产

新世纪之始,中国将要迈进世界贸易组织（ＷＴＯ）。在入世的过程中,与美国为首的发达国家之间始终存在着阻挠与反阻挠、限制与反限制的斗争,目前虽已告一段落,但远未结束。可以预见,中国加入ＷＴＯ之后,斗争非但不会停止,甚至可能会更复杂、更激烈。这场经济、贸易斗争实际上还有着深刻的政治与社会背景。最近几年,发达国家一直在努力使社会条款纳入世界经济贸易体系之中,在“关注发展中国家人权状况”的旗号下,反复提出“劳工标准”问题,即把本国安全生产问题与国际贸易挂钧。实际上这是“涂上绿色’”的贸易保护主义。中国是一…     

九月北京，国际盛会

第二届中国国际安全生产论坛于9月2日在人民大会堂开幕,国务委员、国务院秘书长华建敏,国家局局长王显政,国际劳工组织东亚地区局局长克里斯廷等领导参加开幕式