密闭空间中甘薯粉爆炸特性的试验研究

利用20 L球形爆炸测试装置探寻甘薯粉尘在密闭空间内的爆炸特性.测得甘薯粉的爆炸下限质量浓度,研究质量浓度,粒度和点火能量对爆炸猛烈度(最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率)以及燃烧特续时间的影响.结果表明:粒径较小时,甘薯粉爆科较猛烈,燃烧持续时间较短；随着质量浓度的增加,燃烧持续时间减少,最大压力上升速率逐渐增大并趋于稳定,而最大爆压呈现先增后减,并且存在一个最佳浓度范围,使粉尘爆炸最猛烈；最大爆压和上升速率随点火能量的增强而增大,较强的点火能量能显著改善低质量浓度粉尘的“爆炸不良”效应.将甘薯粉的爆炸下限质量浓度爆炸猛烈度与锌粉、镁粉和烟煤粉进行对比,发现甘薯粉的爆炸风险远高于烟煤粉和锌粉.     

点火能量对粉尘爆炸下限浓度的影响

运用20L标准粉尘爆炸特性测试装置对不同粉尘在不同点火能量时的爆炸下限浓度进行测试,以此方法研究粉尘爆炸下限浓度随点火能量的变化规律。试验过程分别采用2. 5 k J、5 k J、10 k J点火能量对石松子粉、石墨粉、铝粉、金属打磨粉尘、纸粉、PVC粉、纺织粉、烟叶粉的爆炸下限浓度进行测试。试验结果显示粉尘爆炸下限浓度随点火能量的增加总体呈下降趋势;对于不易点燃的粉尘,其爆炸下限浓度随点火能量的增加将急剧下降。石墨粉随点火能量增加爆炸下限浓度急剧下降,铝粉、石松子粉和金属打磨粉尘受点火能量影响较小,对纸粉、纺织、烟叶粉尘影响中等。高点火能量可以扩大点火源波及的区域,从而使更多粉尘参与初始爆炸及其后的传播过程,这对于不易点燃粉尘的爆炸传播影响较大,而对于易燃粉尘的爆炸传播影响不大。为了更好的涵盖各种粉样的测试情况,也为了更加安全的指导作业现场粉尘防爆实践,推荐采用10 k J点火能量测试不易点燃的粉尘的爆炸下限。     

EVA树脂粉尘/甲烷/空气杂混物爆炸特性

在20 L爆炸实验装置中,开展了3种不同中值粒径的EVA树脂粉尘/甲烷/空气所组成的杂混物爆炸特性研究,探究了甲烷浓度对粉尘爆炸下限、最大爆炸压力的影响。结果表明,尽管添加的甲烷气体浓度低于爆炸下限,仍使得粉尘爆炸下限得以降低,粒径较大的EVA III粉尘,当甲烷体积分数为1%时,爆炸下限降低约25%;粒径较小的EVA I粉尘,当混入甲烷体积分数为4%时,爆炸下限则降低80%;甲烷体积分数每增加1%,可燃粉尘最大爆炸压力上升约10%,但对于粒径较小的EVA I粉尘,当甲烷体积分数为4%时,最大爆炸压力的上升呈现突变趋势,上升近50%。     

储、转运粮食系统除尘粉尘回流安全性分析

对储存及转运粮食系统除尘粉尘回流问题进行了回顾和评述 ,对天津港散粮站日常处理主要粮食品种伴生粉尘进行了物性分析和粉尘爆炸性测试 ,并结合生产工艺过程进行了设备内部实际粉尘浓度的测试 ,在此基础上得出 :除尘粉尘具有爆炸的危险性 ;爆炸下限较高 ,有利于控制粉尘浓度在爆炸下限以下来预防粉尘爆炸 ;除尘粉尘回流工艺在无粉尘沉积的情况下是安全的。     

国外除尘设备的防爆

1 粉生爆炸的影响因素 粉尘只有在同时满足以下条件时才会发生爆炸:①粉尘具有可燃性,在含有足够氧气的气体中呈悬浮状态,有一定的粒径分布;②悬浮粉尘的浓度在爆炸极限范围内,与具有足够能量的引燃源相接触;③粉尘的含水量及空气的湿度低于一定限度。 粉尘爆炸下限浓度是衡量粉尘是否易爆的重要指标。绝大多数工业粉尘的爆炸下限位于10～500g/m~3之间,对于多数可燃性粉     

甲烷含量对塑料粉尘空气混合物爆炸特性的影响

为探究可燃气体的添加对塑料粉尘/空气混合物爆炸特性的影响,以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)和热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)2种塑料粉尘为研究对象,在对其进行热重分析(TG)的基础上,利用20 L球形爆炸试验装置,研究甲烷体积分数对这2种塑料粉尘/空气混合物爆炸压力、爆炸压力上升速率、爆炸下限等特征参数的影响。热重试验结果表明:PMMA粉体分解速率高,在外界供热条件下易发生燃烧,而TPU粉体分解所需能量更多,分解更加困难。爆炸试验结果表明:在试验选定的粉尘浓度条件下,2种粉尘爆炸压力及压力上升速率均随粉尘浓度呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势;当甲烷体积分数从0增加到4%时,塑料粉尘爆炸的猛度和敏感度随之增加,其中PMMA粉尘爆炸猛度受甲烷影响更大,而TPU粉尘基本不受影响,但其爆炸下限下降更明显。     

玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性研究

为研究玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性,采用哈特曼管式爆炸测试装置和20 L球爆炸测试装置对200目(<75μm)以下的玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性进行评估,基于静电火花和粉尘质量浓度对粉尘爆炸的影响,对玉米淀粉的静电火花最小点火能量、爆炸下限质量浓度、最大爆炸压力和爆炸指数进行了研究,根据试验结果对玉米淀粉爆炸危险性进行分级。试验结果表明:温度在25℃,喷粉压力为0.80 MPa,粉尘质量浓度在250～750 g/m3范围内,粉尘的最小点火能量随着粉尘质量浓度增加而降低,其最小点火能量在40～80 mJ之间;在点火能量为10 kJ时,粉尘爆炸下限质量浓度在50～60 g/m3之间;在粉尘质量浓度为750 g/m3时,爆炸压力达到最大,为0.66 MPa;在粉尘质量浓度为500 g/m3时,爆炸指数达到最大,为17.21 MPa.m/s,其粉尘爆炸危险性分级为Ⅰ级。     

三环唑粉尘爆炸特性研究

利用激光粒度仪对三环唑粉尘的粒径分布进行分析,并用20 L爆炸球测试装置、哈特曼管装置探讨了粉尘质量浓度、点火延迟时间、点火能量、粒径分布对粉尘爆炸的影响并总结了相关规律。实验结果表明:粉尘粒度是影响粉尘最小点火能和爆炸下限的单调因素,粉尘质量浓度是影响粉尘爆炸压力的极值因素,点火延迟时间是影响粉尘最小点火能的极值因素。     

面粉厂的粉尘爆炸及其预防措施

粉尘爆炸是面粉加工业的一大危害。面粉粉尘,是原料在加工过程中受动力的影响而悬浮在空气中的粉尘。由于它是一种可燃性物质,研磨成细小颗粒后,表面积增大,当它与氧气均匀混合,达到一定的浓度后,遇有火种,就会强烈燃烧、迅速蔓延。由于燃烧的气体和热量不能很快消散而又有效的传播给附近的粉尘,使这些粉尘也迅速燃烧起来。随着温度不断的升高,导致局部压力越来越高,就发生了爆炸。此过程是在瞬间连续不断进行的。 面粉粉尘爆炸要具备三个要素:一是粉尘达到一定浓度。一般面粉粉尘爆炸浓度下限为9.7克/立方米。二是有足够的氧气,即粉尘与氧…     

酚醛树脂粉尘爆炸危险性实验研究

针对工业生产中的酚醛树脂粉尘爆炸问题,运用20 L近球形粉尘爆炸特性测试系统,测试了常温常压条件下酚醛树脂粉尘的爆炸下限、最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率等爆炸特征参数,分析不同质量浓度与其之间的变化规律,并计算出相应爆炸指数,对爆炸危害等级进行分级。实验结果表明,酚醛树脂粉尘云的爆炸下限质量浓度为10~20 g/m~3;最大爆炸压力、最大压力上升速率和爆炸指数关系曲线变化趋势大致相同,均呈现先升高后降低的现象,并同在200 g/m~3时达到最大值,分别为0.664 MPa,82.5 MPa/s,22.4 MPa·m/s;其粉尘爆炸危害等级为S_(t2)。     

基于缓和原则的粉尘爆炸风险控制研究

为了将本质安全原理中的缓和原则与粉尘爆炸事故的风险控制联系起来,利用Swiek20 L球形爆炸装置考察了烟煤粉、甘薯粉和镁粉的最大爆炸压力、最大爆压上升速率和爆炸下限等特性,重点考察了点火能量、环境压力以及添加惰化剂等因素的影响。结果表明:降低点火能量能有效缩减粉尘可燃浓度范围,提高粉尘爆炸下限;爆炸危害正相关于环境压力;碳酸钙和碳酸氢钠能有效抑制烟煤尘爆炸,且碳酸钙抑爆效果更好;氯化钾对镁尘爆炸动力学特性的抑制效果更好,而碳酸钙对镁尘爆炸热力学特性的抑制效果更好,且小粒径的惰化剂表现出更好的抑爆炸能力。降低点火能量、控制环境压力和添加惰化剂均可降低粉尘爆炸危害,有助于控制粉尘爆炸风险。     

Flammability limit measurements for dusts in 20-L and 1-m3 vessels

Two types of flammability limits have been measured for various dusts in the Fike 1-m³ (1000-L) chamber and in the Pittsburgh Research Laboratory (PRL) 20-L chamber. The first limit is the minimum explosible concentration (MEC), which was measured at several ignition energies. In addition to the three dusts studied previously (bituminous coal, anthracite coal, and gilsonite), this work continues the effort by adding three additional dusts: RoRo93, lycopodium, and iron powder. These materials were chosen to extend the testing to non-coal materials as well as to a metallic dust. The new MEC data corroborate the previous observations that very strong ignitors can overdrive the ignition in the smaller 20-L chamber. Recommendations are given in regard to appropriate ignition energies to be used in the two chambers. The study also considered the other limiting component, oxygen. Limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) testing was performed in the same 20-L and 1-m³ vessels for gilsonite, bituminous coal, RoRo93, and aluminum dusts. The objective was to establish the protocol for testing at different volumes. A limited investigation was made into overdriving in the 20-L vessel. The LOC results tended to show slightly lower results for the smaller test volume. The results indicated that overdriving could occur and that ignition energies of 2.5 kJ in the 20-L vessel would yield comparable results to those in the 1-m³ vessel using 10.0 kJ. The studies also illustrate the importance of dust concentration on LOC determinations.     

油页岩利用过程粉尘爆炸研究现状及趋势分析

在石油资源日益紧张的形势下,我国油页岩资源的开发利用正得到前所未有的重视,但其利用过程潜在的粉尘爆炸危险性并未引起关注。对国内外有关油页岩粉尘着火、爆炸的文献进行了综述,约旦学者对油页岩粉尘爆炸下限、着火温度及惰化粉尘对下限的影响进行了持续性的研究。国内学者多涉及油页岩利用工艺的研究,只注重页岩油蒸气的爆炸风险,多采用经验公式的方法进行分析,具有较大的局限性。根据爆炸风险控制原理,提出了油页岩粉尘防爆安全需要进一步进行的基础研究工作,突出了加强油页岩粉尘和蒸气杂混物爆炸机理研究的重要性。     

Electrostatic spark ignition of sensitive dust clouds of MIE<1 mJ

Accidental electrostatic sparks in industrial plant producing/handling powders/dusts occur whenever a non-earthed electrically conducting object has been charged tribo-electrically to a high voltage and suddenly discharges its energy to earth via an air gap of appropriate length. When assessing the electrostatic spark ignition hazard in an industrial plant, the parameters of prime concern are the capacitances C of electrically conducting plant items that may become charged tribo-electrically, the voltages U to which they may become charged, and the minimum electric spark ignition energies (MIE) of the dust clouds of concern. Whenever , there is a possibility of accidental electrostatic spark ignition.

Current standard apparatuses for determining MIE of dust clouds have a lower spark energy limit of 2–3 mJ. In an investigation by the present authors, discussed in detail elsewhere, a new spark generator capable of producing synchronized capacitive sparks of energies down to the order of 0.01 mJ was developed and used for testing a selection of ignition-sensitive powders for MIE. Several of the MIEs found were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than the lower energy limit of current standard test apparatus. Other experiments by the present authors, also reported elsewhere, have shown that quite low MIEs can be found for some dusts even with a less optimal synchronization mechanism, which may occur accidentally in practice.

The main object of the present paper is to discuss possible practical concerns arising from the finding that clouds in air of some dusts can have very low MIEs. In such cases, one may have to pay attention to even minor C values, i.e. minor plant items. Alternatively, with larger C values, even quite low voltages may give rise to hazardous spark discharges.

However, some types of fine metal powders of low MIEs will quite readily form electrically conductive layers on the solid surfaces with which they make contact. Hence, electrostatic spark ignition inside process equipment containing such dusts may be less probable than in the case of process equipment containing non-conducting dusts of correspondingly low MIEs.

There may be a need for a new standard test method for determination of MIEs of dust clouds in the <1 mJ range.     

Experiment-based investigations on the effect of ignition energy on dust explosion behaviors

Explosion behaviors of typical light metal and carbonaceous dusts induced by different ignition energies were investigated based on systematic experiments in a Siwek 20 L vessel. Comparative analysis reveals that the explosion mechanism of carbonaceous dust is the volatile combustion, whereas the mechanism for light metal dust mainly features the surface heterogeneous oxidation. Influences of ignition energy on severity and flammability limit are much more significant for carbonaceous dust than light metal, especially for the powder with less volatile. An innovative approach was introduced to derive flame thickness from the pressure–time trace. The relation between explosion induction time and combustion duration of ignitor was also analyzed. Results show inappropriate ignition energy will cause under-/over-driving in the thermodynamic/kinetic characteristic measurements. In this way, a dimensionless parameter pressure ratio was introduced to evaluate the under-driving, while two methods by using flame thickness and induction time respectively, were proposed to evaluate over-driving. To improve the accuracy of dust explosion tests, authors advocate that explosion severity determination should be conducted at the critical ignition energy. Moreover, a comparison between the European and Chinese flammability limit determination procedures was also conducted, indicating that EN 14034-3 is suitable for light metal but not for carbonaceous, while GB/T 16425 appears to be slightly conservative for both carbonaceous and light metal dusts.     

On the explosion and flammability behavior of mixtures of combustible dusts

In the work presented in this paper, the explosion and flammability behavior of combustible dust mixtures was studied. Lycopodium, Nicotinic acid and Ascorbic acid were used as sample dusts.In the case of mixtures of two dusts, the minimum explosive concentration is reproduced well by a Le Chatelier's rule-like formula, whereas the minimum ignition energy is a linear combination of the ignition energies of the pure dusts.An unexpected behavior has been found in relation to the explosion behavior and the reactivity. When mixing Lycopodium and Nicotinic acid or Ascorbic acid, the rate of pressure rise of the mixture is much higher than the rate of pressure rise obtained by linearly averaging the values of the pure dusts (according to their weight proportions), thus suggesting that strong synergistic effects arise; but it is comparable to that of the most reactive dust in the mixture.The observed behavior seems to be linked to the presence of minerals in the Lycopodium particles which catalyze oxidation reactions of Nicotinic acid and Ascorbic acid, as suggested by TG analysis.In the case of mixtures of three dusts, a similar behavior is observed when the concentration of Lycopodium is twice that of the other two dusts.     

Some aspects in testing and assessment of metal dust explosions

The dust explosion committee of the Association of Powder Process Industry and Engineering, Japan recently established two testing standards for dust explosions. In the investigations for the standardization, many experimental data have been obtained for the dusts currently used in Japanese industries. Data for zirconium, tantalum and silicone dusts are presented to discuss the use of test methods, which have been accepted internationally. The test methods for dust explosions have to consider a variety of kinds and forms of dusts to be tested.     

Initiation of dust explosions by electric spark discharges triggered by the explosive dust cloud itself

An investigation of ignition of dust clouds by the use of electric spark discharges triggered by the explosive dust cloud itself has been conducted. This method of triggering capacitive sparks probably represents a realistic mechanism for initiating accidental dust explosions in industrial practice. Unlike the conventional method for determining the minimum ignition energy (MIE) in the laboratory, the delay between dust dispersion and spark discharge is not a degree of freedom. In stead, the transient dust cloud itself is used to initiate spark breakdown between electrodes set at a high voltage lower than breakdown in pure air. In the present study, different kinds of dusts were tested as ‘spark triggers’, and they exhibited quite different abilities to trigger breakdown. Large particles were found to initiate breakdown at lower voltages than smaller ones. In general, conductive particles were not found to initiate breakdown at lower voltages than dielectric ones when using the same dust concentration.Minimum ignition energies (MIE) of three dusts (Lycopodium clavatum, sulphur and maize starch) were determined using the authors' method of study. The MIEs were somewhat higher than those obtained using conventional methods, but relatively close to the values obtained through conventional methods.