狭长空间内通风对航空煤油池火燃烧速率的影响

在风速0～2.3 m/s、5.6 m×0.8 m×0.8 m的低湍流狭长风洞内对边长3～9 cm的正方形航空煤油池火进行燃烧试验,结合FDS数值模拟,研究了狭长空间内通风和油盘尺寸对正方形航空煤油池火燃烧速率的影响,并做出相应的分析.结果表明,数值模拟结果和试验结果吻合得较好.航空煤油的燃烧速率随风速的增大而升高,且油盘下风侧壁面对燃料的导热加强是促进燃烧的主要因素.随着油盘尺寸的增大,油池获得的热反馈增强,航空煤油燃烧加剧.     

高原乙醇油池火燃烧特性实验研究*

为研究低压条件下油品燃烧特性,以乙醇油池火为研究对象,搭建高原油池火实验平台,研究不同油盘直径下乙醇油池火燃烧规律,分析燃烧速率、火焰高度和火焰脉动等参数随时间的变化规律。研究结果表明:低压条件下的乙醇油池火,燃烧速率小于同等尺度常压条件下的油池火燃烧速率;乙醇油池火的燃烧速率随油盘直径增加变化不明显;火焰高度随油池直径增加呈现显著上升趋势,并拟合推导出适用于低压乙醇池火的火焰高度公式;火焰脉动频率随油池直径增大而减小,并给出火焰脉动与油池直径的经验公式。研究结果可丰富低压乙醇燃烧的油池火实验数据,为低压乙醇油池火的风险评估提供参考。     

100号航空汽油池火燃烧特性试验研究

从燃烧速率及热释放速率、火焰脉动特征、热辐射特性等方面研究了100号航空汽油池火的燃烧特性.通过电子天平实时采集数据并进行处理得到池火燃烧速率,利用全尺寸热释放速率测量系统测量池火热释放速率,通过图像处理技术对池火脉动特征进行分析,通过在火焰一定距离处布置热流计得到池火热辐射特性相关参数.结果表明:100号航空汽油池火稳定燃烧速率大于普通汽油燃烧速率,最大燃烧速率和衰减因子均大于普通汽油参数值;小尺寸池火热释放速率不稳定,随着油池尺寸的增大,热释放速率稳定性增强;池火火焰周期性脉动现象非常明显,脉动频率试验值与Pagni公式预测值接近;在油池液面高度产生的辐射强度随着无量纲距离L/D的增大呈指数衰减,拟合得到的曲线公式所对应参数值与油盘等效直径呈线性关系,通过此关系得到100号航空汽油池火热辐射统一方程.     

低压环境下不同直径油池火特征参量研究

为探究低压环境下油池火的发展特征、热释放速率(HRR)及火灾危害,在全尺寸低压HRR测试平台进行正庚烷与航空煤油不同油池直径的燃烧试验,测量低压环境不同直径下油池火热流密度、HRR及气体体积分数等特征参数,分析油池火热流密度、HRR、燃烧热量与气体体积分数等特征参数随油池直径变化的特征。结果表明:在热流计与油池距离一定时,热流密度随油池直径增大而增大;在油池直径一定时,热流密度随距离增大而减小;油池直径为10～20 cm时,正庚烷燃烧热量大于航空煤油;油池直径大于30 cm后,航空煤油燃烧热量更大;相同时间内正庚烷燃烧比航空煤油产生更多的CO_2,燃烧更充分。     

近墙乙醇池火热反馈对燃烧速率的影响

为了定量评估近墙乙醇池火燃烧的危险性,根据乙醇池火燃烧辐射热平衡方程,建立了简化的墙体点源辐射计算模型,与火焰高度、近墙距离等参数相关联,进而得到近墙乙醇池火墙壁热反馈下燃烧速率的理论增量,并考虑到火焰辐射的增量对燃烧速率的影响,计算得到火焰对燃烧速率的理论增量。同时,在标准燃烧室进行了5种尺寸、不同近墙距离的方形乙醇池火的验证试验。结果表明,近墙乙醇池火的平均火焰高度和燃烧速率随油盘直径增大而增大,随距墙边距离减小而增大。与距墙边30 cm的墙边火平均火焰高度相比,紧贴墙壁的平均火焰高度上升16%~20%;与距墙边30 cm的墙边火燃烧速率相比,紧贴墙壁的燃烧速率上升12%~16%。乙醇墙边池火的燃烧速率理论增量与实际测量值的偏差在5%~34%,二者具有较好的一致性,充分说明近墙乙醇池火燃烧速率的增量主要是墙壁的热反馈和火焰的热反馈共同作用的结果。     

正方形煤油池火燃烧特性研究

实验研究了无风条件下正方形煤油池火的燃烧特性，包括燃烧速率、火焰高度和火焰脉动频率等。正方形油池边长分别为0．2m，0．4m，0．6m，0．8m，油池壁面高度均为0．13m。利用图像处理技术分析了油池火火焰高度，并在此基础上建立了获取火焰脉动频率的两种方法。研究发现，油池壁面高度的存在使油池火的燃烧速率低于理论值；燃烧速率实验值与油池特征尺寸（d／L）呈单调递减关系；较小尺度油池的平均火焰高度与理论预测值比较接近，但较大尺度油池的平均火焰高度明显低于理论预测值；油池壁面的存在使油池火脉动频率低于理论值；随特征尺度（d／L）的增加火焰的脉动频率范围加大，脉动不稳定加剧。     

不同通风条件下柴油池火的实验研究

为了分析不同通风条件对柴油池火燃烧特性及引燃特性的影响,进行205 mm带水垫层柴油池火的引燃实验,通过对池火燃料的质量损失速率、火焰高度、温度及热辐射等的监测,分析通风环境中柴油池火的热传递规律。结果表明:当风速为0.5 m/s时,火灾进入旺盛阶段的时间提前,火焰平均温度最高;当风速为1 m/s时,风速的增加导致油池火的质量损失速率增加,位于主火源下风向的待引燃火源获得的热辐射通量增大,火灾旺盛阶段火焰的平均温度降低,火焰高度降低,下风向相邻油盘引燃的时间提前;1 m/s情况下,205 mm带水垫层柴油池火的安全间距需增加到1D以上;通风环境对池火发展及蔓延的影响是显著的,应适当加大下风向可燃物的安全间距,合理选择通风排烟风速,优化火灾应急救援策略。     

不同直径食用油池火燃烧特性对比试验研究

为探究食用油火灾的预防、探测及灭火技术,开展不同直径食用油池火燃烧试验,测量食用油油层温度、火焰及火羽流温度、质量损失速率、以及火焰高度等参数,分析食用油池火的燃烧特性,包括其被加热-自燃-燃烧的引燃过程和油层温度、火焰及火羽流温度、质量损失速率的变化规律;分析食用油池火燃烧速率随油池直径变化的规律,并结合理论公式计算不同油池直径对应的热释放速率。结果表明:食用油池火最大燃烧速率约为2. 3 mm/min;油池直径分别为25、40、55、70和85 cm的食用油池火对应的热释放速率分别为20、60、190、375和551 k W。     

四面火墙作用下中心油盘燃烧速率研究

为解决在实际溢油事故处理过程中，油膜、燃料、溢油范围及特征将限制就地燃烧法使用的问题，利用多油池火燃烧试验模拟就地燃烧法现场燃烧速率变化特征。首先，利用火旋风发生装置与多油池火模型建立四面火墙燃烧模型；然后，搭建火焰燃烧试验平台，利用现场试验法研究中心油盘高度、燃料体积(油膜厚度)及相邻火墙间距h对中心油盘燃料燃烧速率的影响，最后对所得数据进行拟合分析，探究燃烧速率变化特征。结果表明：相比于单一油池火燃烧，四面火墙条件下中心油池火火焰燃烧更为剧烈；平均燃烧速率与油盘高度呈负相关，与燃料体积呈正相关，相同条件下油盘高度每增加1倍，平均变化率约减小20%;燃料体积每减少一半，平均燃烧速率约减小25%;相邻火墙间距h=16 cm时对中心油盘燃烧速率的促进作用最强，最大可达32.4%。     

池火灾环境下石化管廊管道热响应规律数值模拟

以上海化工园区某段管廊为研究对象，采用FDS软件构建在池火灾环境下石化管廊管道模型，研究石化管道在池火灾下的受火过程及管道热响应规律。结果表明，火灾功率对池火灾影响最大；随着火灾功率的增大，池火上方管道达到最高温度时间缩短，温升速率增大，管道位置对于温度上升的影响逐渐减小，不同位置管道的温差呈现先增加后减小的趋势；当风速大于1 m/s时，风速每增加0.5 m/s，管道峰值温度降低20%；增大油池尺寸可有效增强火焰对油池位置偏移的抗性；并根据石化管廊管道池火灾下热响应规律，建立管廊管道温升公式。     

An experimental study on the burning rate of a continuously released n-heptane spill fire on an open water surface

Spill fires are common during oil product storage and transportation after a loss of containment. Since the burning fuel is moving and the fuel depth is quite shallow, the burning rate in a spill fire is different from that of a pool fire with a static burning zone. Unlike pool fires, which have been studied for decades and have well-established correlations for burning rate, research on spill fires is inadequate. In this paper, continuously released n-heptane spill fire experiments were conducted on open water surfaces with varying fuel discharge rates. The pool diameters were measured, and the spill fire burning rates were estimated based on a dynamic balance between fuel supply and combustion. The burning rates in n-heptane pool fires from the literature were reviewed and compared with the estimated burning rates in spill fires of the same dimension. The spill fire burning rate was found to be close to that in a pool fire during the initial burning phase but lower than that in a bulk burning pool fire and that in a “fuel-level-controlled” pool fire. The distinction between the burning rates of spill fires and pool fires is explained by the heat balance analysis of the fuel layer. A model for the spill fire burning rate was proposed accordingly. The results calculated with the presented model are closer to the measured data than those calculated with pool fire models.     

基于锥形量热仪的计算机显示器燃烧特性分析

利用锥形量热仪对计算机显示器材料进行小尺寸燃烧性能试验研究,通过改变锥形量热仪的热辐射强度模拟中、小规模火灾。分析火灾中显示器样品的热释放速率(HRR)、质量损失速率、CO产生率和比消光系数。试验发现当热辐射强度为35 kW/m2时,计算机显示器的热释放速率比其在热辐射强度为75 kW/m2时多一个加速增长阶段,主要原因是在此热辐射强度下,材料热解速度缓慢,表面炭层厚度逐渐增厚,热量积聚后,材料热解速度增大,热释放速率加速达到第二个峰值;显示器材料在2种热辐射强度下的质量损失速率分3个阶段,炭层的包覆作用对其质量燃烧速率影响较小;显示器材料在燃烧过程中CO产生率、比消光系数和质量燃烧速率成线性递增关系。试验结果可反映显示器在真实火灾中的燃烧特性。     

Evaluation of CFD simulations of transient pool fire burning rates

Fire is the most commonly occurring major accident hazard in the chemical and process industries, with industry accident statistics highlighting the liquid pool fire as the most frequent fire event. Modelling of such phenomena feeds heavily into industry risk assessment and consequence analyses. Traditional simple empirical equations cannot account for the full range of factors influencing pool fire behaviour or increasingly complex plant design. The use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling enables a greater understanding of pool fire behaviour to be gained numerically and provides the capability to deal with complex scenarios.This paper presents an evaluation of the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) for predictive modelling of liquid pool fire burning rates. Specifically, the work examines the ability of the model to predict temporal variations in the burning rate of open atmosphere pool fires. Fires ranging from 0.4 to 4 m in diameter, involving ethanol and a range of liquid hydrocarbons as fuels, are considered and comparisons of predicted fuel mass loss rates are compared to experimental measurements.The results show that the liquid pyrolysis sub-model in FDS gives consistent model performance for fully predictive modelling of liquid pool fire burning rates, particularly during quasi-steady burning. However, the model falls short of predicting the subtleties associated with each phase of the transient burning process, failing to reliably predict fuel mass loss rates during fire growth and extinction. The results suggest a range of model modifications which could lead to improved prediction of the transient fire growth and extinction phases of burning for liquid pool fires, specifically, investigation of: ignition modelling techniques for high boiling temperature liquid fuels; a combustion regime combining both infinite and finite-rate chemistry; a solution method which accounts for two- or three-dimensional heat conduction effects in the liquid-phase; alternative surrogate fuel compositions for multi-component hydrocarbon fuels; and modification of the solution procedure used at the liquid-gas interface during fire extinction.     

多因素下小尺度油罐火燃烧速率的研究

以正庚烷为研究对象,开展了不同因素耦合作用下小尺度油罐火燃烧特性的实验研究。结果表明:在不改变其他工况条件下,开口因子直接影响燃料燃烧速率,发现不同开口因子下燃烧速率与全开口下燃烧速率之比始终正比于对应的开口面积之比,且之间存在着相应的关系式。在实验所测两种液位6cm和8cm下,其燃烧速率变化不大,由此可发现,在该实验液位下油罐火液位高度不是影响燃烧速率的主要因素。在不同的风速下,随着风速的增加燃烧速率逐渐增加并趋于一定值,且不同开口因子下风速对燃烧速率的影响程度不同。风速对开口因子大的油罐燃烧速率的影响小于开口因子较小的油罐。     

Impact of wind on in-situ burning behavior of spilled oil on open water

Spilled oil may cause serious environmental pollution and ecological destruction. Thus, an efficient oil spill response is essential to reduce and minimize the impacts seen from an oil spill. In-situ burning (ISB) has been proven to be one of the most convenient and efficient treatment methods for oil spills on sea. When in-situ burning operation is carried out on sea, the wind is usually available. Spilled oil pool fire flame will be blown to tilt with an angle from the vertical direction and the flame length will be stretched. This effect of flame on downstream will be significantly enhanced. It may even cause the burning of spilled oil out of control or hazard the operators near site. Therefore, it is meaningful to study the burning behavior of oil pool fire on open water under wind.A small-scale oil pool fire on open water experiment system was designed, which could simulate the boundary conditions of sea surface ISB. A series of experiments were carried out to study the effects of oil pool diameter, oil layer thickness and wind speed on fire flame length and flame tilt angle. Flame characteristics and temperature of burning system were recorded. This study observes burning behavior to evolve from short pool fire to long declining phase which transient through boilover stage. Dimensionless flame length in pool fire stage increases with wind speed. As expected the flame tilt is strongly influenced by wind speed, tilt angle increase with wind speed. The observed experimental behavior is captured as improvement in the flame length and flame tilt angle models.This study helped better understanding fire behavior in evolving environmental conditions, and the most importantly developed model would help guide better assessment of fire mitigation strategies.     

某850kW水平轴风力发电机机舱火灾模拟与分析

采用火灾动力学模拟器软件和性能化防火设计理论,基于实际事故案例分析,设计针对某850 kW水平轴风力发电机机舱的典型火灾场景,建立池火灾模型,对额定风速(13 m/s)下机舱内该类型火灾的发生和发展过程进行研究,模拟计算机舱内火灾的热释放速率、温度场和速度场等参数,探讨进气口风速对火灾热释放速率和温度场等的影响。结果表明:封闭条件下,从齿轮箱底部发展起来的油池火灾热释放速率在62.4 s时达到最大值(757 kW),持续燃烧93 s后降至0;齿轮箱附近部件遭受火灾破坏最为严重,喷射油料二次燃烧导致火强度变大并加剧了火灾的破坏程度。额定风速下,齿轮箱附近软管喷射油料未出现二次燃烧现象,但火灾后期热释放速率在335 s内达到4 000 kW;以火源为分界面,火源前方区域温度(406~567℃)明显高于后方区域温度(177~279℃);顶部通风口承受全部热流,机舱罩顶部温度最终达到930℃,并出现轰燃。     

The study of burning behaviors and quantitative risk assessment for 0# diesel oil pool fires

The liquid fuel safety issues on fuel storage, transportation and processing have gained most attention because of the high fire risk. In this paper, some 0# diesel pool fire experiments with different diameters (0.2–1 m) were conducted with initial fuel thicknesses of 2 cm and 4 cm, respectively, to obtain liquid fuel combustion characteristics. Some key parameters including mass burning rate, flame height and the flame radiative heat flux, associated with fire risk, were investigated and determined. Subsequently, a detail quantitative risk assessment framework for 0# diesel pool fire is proposed based on the 0# diesel burning characteristics. In the framework, the probability of personal dead and the facility failure are calculated by the vulnerability models, respectively. In the end, 10 special tank fire scenarios were selected to show the whole risk calculation process. The tank diameter and the distance to pool fires were paid more attention in the cases. The safety distances in the cases are provided for the persons and nearby facilities, respectively. The paper enriches the basic experimental data and the provided framework is useful to the management of 0# diesel tank areas.     

密度对聚氨酯软泡收缩及燃烧行为的影响

采用锥形量热仪研究不同密度聚氨酯软泡(FPUF)的燃烧行为,并根据摄像、体视显微镜所观察的样品形体及泡孔结构的变化来研究火灾条件下FPUF的收缩特性。研究结果表明,收缩是表层泡孔受热发生热解生成焦油所致的泡孔塌缩现象,焦油层下方泡孔结构基本没有变化;FPUF密度越大着火前的收缩速率越小,同一时刻表层泡孔热解生成的焦油层越薄。FPUF的着火燃烧可分为受热收缩、燃烧收缩和池火燃烧三个阶段。中高密度样品HRR曲线先出现平台后出现峰值,分别对应于燃烧收缩和池火阶段,且密度越大HRR曲线的平台越低、峰值越高,燃烧收缩阶段的FIGRA越小,而池火燃烧阶段的FIGRA越大。着火前的快速收缩导致低密度样品的HRR曲线不出现平台只呈现单峰。