陕西市县农业气象灾害监测预警业务系统研究

分析修正了陕西主要农业气象灾害指标和农作物气候适应性域;利用Delphi、VC 、VB与SQL Server等开发工具,开发了一套基于Client/Server结构的市县农业气象灾害监测预警系统.该系统主要由农业气象灾害数据管理、农业气象成灾条件分析、农作物全程气象适应性监测、农业气象灾害监测、农业气象灾害预警组成.     

气象灾害灾情评估指标研究与应用——以陕西为例

为了定量评估气象灾害造成的灾情,利用陕西1984-2007年气象灾害普查数据库,建立人员死亡率、农作物种植面积受灾率、直接经济损失率3个灾情因子评估指数并计算灾情综合指数,构建灾情因子和综合灾情年景定量评估指标,将气象灾情年景分为严重、较严重、一般、较轻和轻5类。利用建立的年景评估指标对陕西2008-2010年气象灾害灾情年景进行评估,应用到年度气候影响评价业务服务中。分析每种气象灾害灾情因子指数和灾情综合指数多年平均值,确定陕西危害度最大的气象灾害依次为暴雨、干旱、冰雹、连阴雨、气象地质灾害等。研究结果表明:陕西气象灾害造成的人员死亡率呈现减少趋势,多年平均值为3.23/百万,直接经济损失率变化趋势不明显,多年平均值为1.51%,农作物种植面积受灾率呈明显增加趋势,多年平均值为21.99%。     

农村气象灾害防御体系理论模型初探

根据灾害防御基本原理,简要分析了气象灾害致灾因子对气象灾害防御的影响。在此基础上,结合浙江、重庆、山西、辽宁、安徽、江西、广东、内蒙、贵州等省市的农村气象灾害防御实践,借鉴国外灾害防御体制建设和机制设计的经验,探索性提出了组成农村气象灾害防御体系的6项基本内容,即农村气象灾害风险识别与评价、农村气象灾害监测与预警发布机制、气象灾害预警信息传播与应急响应、气象灾害防御组织体系、气象灾害防御的工程体系以及气象灾害防御的法制化;构建了农村气象灾害防御体系的理论模型;并在专业能力支撑、行政支持、组织保障、政策法规等方面,对未来农村气象灾害防御体系建设提出了建议。     

陕西气象灾害的季节特征

陕西地处内陆腹地,南北狭长,地形复杂。由于多带天气系统交互作用和多种季风热力扰动综合影响,境内气象灾害种类多,发生频率高,影响范围广,灾害季节性强,对国民经济尤其是农业生产的影响大,是多灾害的省份之一。据不完全统计,陕西每年气象灾害成灾农田面积1300多万亩,相当于耕地面积21％,占全国多年平均成灾面积1.9亿亩的7％。其中,干旱最严重,年均成灾面积达600多万亩,占总成灾面积近50％;雨涝(含暴雨和连阴雨)年均成灾面积300多万亩,占总成灾面积23％;冰雹年均成灾面积150万亩,占12％。陕西可分为春季、初夏、盛夏、初秋、深秋、初冬、隆冬等7个自然天气季节。各个季节平均起讫时间、环流特点与主要自然灾害如表1所示。     

浅谈城市林业与城市减灾

气象、洪涝、环境等灾害和事件危及城市安全和发展.发展城市林业有利于城市防灾减灾.借鉴国内外城市林业发展经验,提出加强陕西城市林业建设、提高城市防灾减灾能力的建议.     

我国气象灾害减灾救灾标准体系完备性研究

在全球变暖的背景下,气象灾害发生的频次增多且造成的影响不断加重,气象灾害的管理已成为国家公共安全管理的重要内容,气象灾害标准体系建设的完备性,对于气象灾害管理有着十分重要的意义。按照气象灾害标准体系框架,搜集国家气象相关权威部门标准委员会门户网站公布的气象灾害相关标准库,并分析了气象灾害减灾救灾标准体系在专业、门类和层次三个维度的完备性。最终指出了气象灾害减灾救灾标准体系存在的不足,进而给出了减灾救灾标准体系建设的政策建议。     

英国应急防灾机制纵览

英国是地处欧洲西部的岛国,与欧洲大陆隔海相望。由于其特殊的地理、气候等条件,发生的主要气象灾害有暴风雨、洪水以及由此引发的山体滑坡、地陷、沿海洪灾和堤岸侵蚀,极少遭遇旱灾和雪灾。气象灾害防治理念是注重预防英国气象灾害防治理念是注重预防,注重长效。强调预防是灾害管理的关键,要求气象灾害应急管理与日常管理结合起来,尽量减少气象灾害造成的损失。为了防御气象灾害,英国建立了一套完善的气象灾害应急机制。     

基于监测数据挖掘的高铁气象灾害风险评估方法研究

气象灾害风险评估对高铁气象灾害防御具有重要的指导作用。在分析了影响高铁运行的主要气象要素的基础上,研究了高铁气象灾害风险评估指标体系,包含致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体暴露性、脆弱性和防灾减灾能力等,探讨了高铁多灾种和单一灾种的气象灾害风险评估方法。以大风灾害风险评估为例,建立了大风灾害风险评估指标体系,基于熵权法研究了大风危险性,在此基础上,采用加权综合评价法对大风风险进行了分析。结合具体线路风监测数据,研究了相应线路大风风险,并进行了风险区划。与基于气象部门数据开展的铁路气象灾害风险评估相比,基于铁路气象要素监测数据的气象灾害风险评估对气象要素的时空特性反映更加细致,更能代表铁路沿线气象灾害特征,研究可为高铁气象灾害防治提供参考。     

公众应对气象灾害风险的行为特征及其影响因素研究——基于深圳市3109份调查问卷的实证

为了更好提高公众的危机应对能力,降低灾害给社会造成的损失,有必要获知公众应对灾害风险的行为特征,分析其影响因素,进而提出相应的对策建议。基于深圳市3 109名公众的气象安全认知度调查数据,构建了Binary Logistic回归模型,对公众应对气象灾害风险的行为及其影响因素进行实证分析。研究表明,气象灾害给公众及家庭带来经济损失的经历对公众应对气象灾害风险行为的影响最为显著,而对气象灾害安全信息关注程度、对气象灾害安全防御知识了解程度、获得气象灾害预警信号及时性以及获得气象灾害信息的方便程度等变量不同程度地影响着公众应对气象灾害风险的行为,最后提出了有针对性的对策建议。     

我国的主要气象灾害及防御对策

介绍了我国主要气象灾害和气象衍生灾害的种类、分布地区以及气象灾害所造成经济损失情况及特点。从工程性和非工程性措施两方面分析了我国气象灾害防御现状和存在问题,并从建立气象防灾减灾法律保障体系、确保资金投入、完善防御体系、加强科研开发和信息共享提高灾害预警水平、加强合作与交流开展主动防御、提高全社会防灾能力等6个方面提出了相应的防御对策。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。