广东冬季寒害指标研究

用广东省22个分布较均匀的代表站1957年12月至2001年2月冬季逐日平均气温和最低气温资料,以该省南亚热带作物的生物学下限温度为依据,从这些作物受寒害的起点温度(环境温度≤5.0℃)出发,提出了寒害过程的概念和明确的定义,并用寒害过程低温的强度(日最低气温)X1、持续时间(天数)X2及其综合作用的物理量负积温X3这3个指标来描述寒害的强度,研究了广东历年冬季寒害的变化.从3个特征向量场中找出了一个物理意义清晰、方差贡献率大(大于75%)的主要分量,将其定义为综合寒害指标.分析表明:广东冬季综合寒害指标能较好反映农作物受灾程度.     

近50年来广东冬季寒害的特征

利用广东省86个地面气象站近50年(1951-2000年)逐日平均气温和最低气温资料,采用针对冬季经济林果的寒害指标,统计分析了近50年冬季寒害的特征.分析得出:(1)广东冬季寒害频数北多南少,各地平均年均1次,其中严重寒害近4成,严重寒害中又以降温型亚类Ⅲ最为典型,占6成以上.(2)寒害过程降温幅度平均达13.6℃,且越往南越大;过程最低气温平均2.6℃,高于冻害临界值0℃;寒害过程降温平均历时4d.(3)寒害分布于10月末至3月底,其中12月到1月累计占85%,月际分布大致呈以1月为峰值的单峰型;亚类Ⅲ12月和2月多于1月,呈双峰分布.(4)1980年是广东冬季气温变化的分水岭,寒害年均综合频数前30年多(160站次),后20年少(96站次).(5)近50年广东冬季寒害年代际变化特征为:50,60,70年代逐渐增强,80年代迅速减弱,90年代有所回升(依然弱于50年代),年代际寒害由强到弱顺序为:70年代,60年代,50年代,90年代和80年代.     

江淮地区油菜渍害的时空分析

利用江淮地区43个气象台站1960—2010年10月—翌年5月的降水量和日照资料,构建了江淮地区全生育期油菜涝渍综合指标,并对其进行了经验正交函数分解和小波分析。结果表明,油菜涝渍在播种期至冬前苗期、越冬期至抽薹期、开花期至灌浆期的第一模态的空间分布呈全区一致型,第二模态显示前两个发育期阶段呈现"东西分布型"而开花期至灌浆期呈现"南北分布型",第三模态都呈现"南北分布型"。越冬期至抽薹期在第一模态时间系数有略微上升趋势,其余发育期均呈下降趋势。对第一模态的时间系数进行小波分析发现,江淮地区油菜涝渍存在多时间尺度特征,而且播种期至冬前苗期最显著的周期是准3年,越冬期至抽薹期和开花期至灌浆期最显著的周期均为准4年,从而为油菜涝渍的监测、评估、区划提供科学依据。     

东北地区玉米低温冷害规律研究

以东北地区10 km×10 km的气象要素插值资料以及作物发育期资料为基础,通过计算每个网格点上热量指数和热量指数临界值,得到每个网格点上低温冷害指标值。在此基础上对低温冷害指标进行经验正交分解和小波分析,得到其时空变化规律及多时间尺度特征。玉米冷害3个空间分布型时间系数的分析表明,东北地区玉米低温冷害存在如下规律:第1模态在1971-1992年,呈现准8 a的周期变化规律,第2模态没有呈现很好的周期性规律,第3模态在1963-1974年,呈现准2a的周期变化规律。热量指数变异系数低值区主要分布在平原地区,中值区和高值区主要分布在大兴安岭、小兴安岭、长白山地区以及吉林省白城市沙地,山地和沙地的变异系数要高于平原地区。     

厄尔尼诺事件对中国沿海地区水汽变化周期的影响

厄尔尼诺事件导致极端天气频发,中国沿海城市较多,分布有不同的气候类型。该文开展厄尔尼诺事件对中国沿海地区水汽变化以及变化是否存在空间差异的分析。基于CMONOC中国沿海地区的GNSS水汽时间序列,综合厄尔尼诺事件(I_EP、I_CP)指数,利用快速傅里叶变换和小波变换方法,从频域和时域开展GNSS水汽时序变化分析,分析东部型与中部型厄尔尼诺事件对中国沿海地区水汽变化的影响。研究发现：GNSS水汽异常值的出现与相应时段的厄尔尼诺事件存在对应。东部型厄尔尼诺(I_EP)与大部分GNSS站点水汽的相关性为正相关;中部型指数(I_CP)与GNSS站点水汽的相关性为负相关。厄尔尼诺事件对水汽变化周期的影响,日周期变化较小,在5 d和10 d周期,东部型厄尔尼诺与中部型厄尔尼诺事件影响下的水汽周期小于正常时段的水汽周期。     

广东地区冬季寒害风险辨识

从灾害风险辨识的原理出发,对广东地区冬季寒害的孕灾环境、致灾因子、承灾体、灾情和抗灾能力进行了系统的分析.结果表明,季风气候显著、南岭山脉和特定的环流形势,是孕育广东地区寒害的温床.降温幅度、低温强度、低温持续日数和有害积寒等致灾因子呈现出明显的北强南弱、北多南少的纬向差异.果树、粮食作物、蔬菜等承灾体不同,同一承灾体的品种、树龄、发育期、长势不同,耐低温的能力也不同.20世纪90年代的4次寒害,给广东造成了213亿多元的经济损失,寒害已成为继台风、暴雨之后广东的第三大灾种.开展寒害监测与预警,进行适地适时种植,综合运用物理、化学、生物方法,可以大大提高防御寒害的能力.     

1960年以来山西秋季连阴雨的气候特征分析

利用山西省66个测站1960-2009年秋季(9-11)月的逐日降水量,采用线性倾向估计、累积距平法、EOF及Morlct小波分析方法,系统地分析了山西秋季连阴雨的变化趋势和时空结构特征,建立了秋季连阴雨强度指数模型。结果表明:山西秋季年际区域性连阴雨次数和阴雨日数呈明显的线性减少趋势,过程雨量呈波动上升趋势,连阴雨次数的累积距平表现为"三升两降"型变化;山西秋季连阴雨的年际和年代际变化特征明显,1960-1970年代中期,有5~6年的周期变化,1990年代后期有2年的周期变化特征,年代际变化呈"波动状"变化规律;全省秋季连阴雨从南到北呈递减分布,除北部的天镇、山阴、繁峙等呈增加趋势外,各代表站表现为一致的减少趋势,南部、东南部及五台山为连阴雨多发区,大同盆地、忻州盆地、太原盆地为少发区;山西秋季连阴雨存在2~3年、8年左右的显著振荡周期。1970年代中期到1980年代中期,8年左右振荡周期的振幅最大,能量最强,是周期振荡最强的阶段。     

黑龙江省夏季雨日变化及前期环流特征

利用1961-2017年黑龙江省62个台站的雨日资料,采用小波分析、相关系数与趋势系数等方法分析,研究夏季不同级别雨日的气候变化趋势.结果表明,黑龙江省夏季各级雨日变化趋势暴雨、大雨以上日数呈现略增加趋势,而中雨和小雨以上日数呈现略减少的趋势;夏季降水日数平均分布,各级别以上的日数分布中心基本是一致的。用黑龙江省夏季大雨以上日数做代表进行分析,小波分析表明存在20a(年)左右的年代际变化周期,还有9a左右、6a左右和3a左右的年际变化周期;前期北半球500hPa(百帕)环流场特征,初冬季由极地到太平洋距平场"-+-"形式,夏季大雨以上日数易偏多,反之,排列为"+-+"形式,夏季大雨日数易偏少。     

华南地区寒害概率分布模型研究

利用华南地区109个站1951—2001年的寒害过程降温幅度和最低气温资料,分别用正态分布、指数分布、伽玛分布、瑞利分布、威布尔分布和耿贝尔—I分布函数进行拟合,并按柯尔莫哥洛夫和ω^2检验方法进行了拟合优度检验。结果表明,华南地区寒害过程降温幅度有51个站服从正态分布、29个站服从伽玛分布、20个站服从耿贝尔—I分布、9个站服从威布尔分布;过程最低气温有12个站服从正态分布、97个站服从耿贝尔—I分布。     

基于PDSI的渭河流域干旱变化特征

根据渭河流域的气候特征与地理位置,利用该流域1961-2008年21个气象站的气象资料,重新修正了Palmer干旱指数,并利用Mann-Kendall检验以及Morlet小波分析方法计算分析了PDSI的变化特征。结果表明:渭河流域有较显著的变干趋势;有北部较南部干旱,西部较东部干旱的空间变化特征;泾河是最容易发生干旱的地区,且干旱的程度最为严重;时间上,秋季发生干旱的可能性大;小波分析表明渭河流域大约有22年左右的干湿变换周期,与太阳黑子磁性活动周期一致。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。