NOAA卫星云雾自动检测和修复方法

云雾在时间和空间上具有不稳定性。不同高度、厚度、面积和太阳高度角情况下，NOAA卫星可见光波段的海面反射率和红外波段亮度温度都不相同。据此，根据云雾光谱和红外特征，研究并找出了可见光波段海面最小反射率、云雾区最大反射率与云雾最佳判别阈值之间的关系，得出了不同月份东海海面最低温度和NOAA卫星红外波段亮温特征；通过采用光谱和结构分析相结合的方法，研究和研制了NOAA气象卫星云雾自动检测和修复模型，取得了较好的运行和检测、修复效果。     

认识地震和地震海啸

地震如同刮风下雨,是一种自然现象。当两个板块发生挤压时候,压力在板块岩石中聚集,使岩层变形,一旦一方岩石不能支撑,产生断层,岩石恢复原位,发生回跳,巨大的能量释放激发地震。地震的发生常伴生有火灾、海啸、泥石流、滑坡、环境污染、商业中断、信息丢失和社会功能瘫痪等次生灾害,地震海啸便是其中一种。     

泸定6.8级地震农村居住建筑震害调查与分析∗

2022 年 9 月 5 日,四川省泸定县发生了 6.8 级地震,对泸定、石棉、汉源等地区的农村建筑造成严重影响。为了分析农村建筑的震害,对评估烈度为Ⅵ~Ⅸ度区域 12 个乡镇 35 个地点的农村建筑进行了现场调查,总结了砖砌体结构、木结构、石结构和生土结构的典型震害特征,并对 4 种结构的震害等级进行了统计和分析。结果表明：砖砌体结构房屋的严重破坏及倒塌占比为 4.2% 和 3.3%,且与构造措施有很大关系,未经正规设计且缺乏构造措施的砌体结构出现屋面破坏、局部甚至整体倒塌,但设有构造措施的砌体结构房屋保存较好;木结构建筑整体受损较轻,但由于本次泸定地震的竖向作用强烈,木屋盖破坏较为严重;石砌体结构和生土结构房屋,发生严重破坏和倒塌的比例较高,严重破坏占比分别为 7.2% 和 5.1%,倒塌占比分别为 10% 和 7%,破坏最为严重。山体滑坡、落石等次生灾害对建筑造成不同程度的损坏,是此次泸定地震的特征之一。针对此次泸定地震的破坏特征,建议农村建筑落实抗震措施,引入适用的新工艺;灾后恢复过程中,以房屋震损程度评估为基础,重建与加固相结合;同时,建议注重农村规划、选址的研究,降低地震次生灾害破坏;应当进行抗震科普宣传,加强农村工匠培训。     

Changes in HIV/AIDS/STI knowledge, attitudes and practices among commercial sex workers and military forces in Port Loko, Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone suffered from 11 years of civil war (1991-2002) resulting in tens of thousands of deaths and mutilations together with massive population displacement. In 2001, ARC International, Sierra Leone conducted a baseline survey of 201 commercial sex workers (CSWs) and 202 military respondents on the knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding HIV/AIDS and STIs in Port Loko, Sierra Leone. In 2003, a comparable post-intervention survey of 202 CSWs and 205 military respondents was performed. Comparison of baseline and post-intervention results showed that HIV/AIDS knowledge increased among both groups, with those able to name three effective means of avoiding AIDS increasing from 5 per cent to 70 per cent among CSWs, and 11 to 75 per cent among the military. Reported condom use during last sex increased among CSWs from 38 to 68 per cent and among military from 39 to 68 per cent. These results demonstrate that, despite the challenges inherent in a post-conflict country, good-quality AIDS-prevention programmes can be effective.     

应用NOAA/AVHRR资料监测土壤水分和干旱面积

利用气象卫星资料监测土壤水分及估算干旱面积的研究方法已有很多,但监测精度还有待提高。通过利用近地面温度日较差实测资料,对气象卫星反演地表温度日较差进行了订正,使得热惯量计算值更接近实际。利用订正后的卫星反演地表温度日较差计算的热惯量与地面农田实测土壤绝对湿度进行回归分析,发现0~30cm土壤水分实测值与热惯量的相关显著,50cm以下不能通过显著性检验。在GIS平台的支持下,对2004年初夏发生的干旱进行了监测,监测结果精度较高,并为干旱灾害的进一步评估打下坚实的基础。     

Simultaneous Removal of Nitrate and Natural Organic Matter from Drinking Water Using a Hybrid Heterotrophic/Autotrophic/Biological Activated Carbon Bioreactor

Simultaneous removal of nitrate ([Formula: see text]) and natural organic matter (NOM) from drinking water using a hybrid heterotrophic/autotrophic/BAC bioreactor (HHABB) was studied in continuous mode. The HHABB consisted of three compartments: ethanol heterotrophic part, sulfur autotrophic part, and biological activated carbon (BAC)-part (including anoxic and aerobic sections). Experiments were performed with [Formula: see text] concentration 30?mg N/L, [Formula: see text] loading rate 0.72?kg N/m(3)/d, C?:?N ratio 0.53, and three concentrations of NOM (0.6, 2.6, and 5.7?mg C/L). Overall denitrification rate and efficiency of the HHABB were not affected by NOM concentration and were in the suitable ranges of 0.69-0.70?kg N/m(3)/d and 96.0%-97.7%, respectively. NOM removal at concentration 0.6?mg C/L was not efficient because of organic carbon replacement as soluble microbial products. At higher NOM concentrations, total NOM removal efficiencies were 55%-65%, 55%-70%, and 55%-65% for dissolved organic carbon, trihalomethane formation potential, and UV absorbance at 254?nm (UV(254)), respectively. The more efficient compartments of the HHABB for the removal of NOM were the ethanol heterotrophic phase and aerobic BAC-phase. The efficiency of the HHABB in the removal of NOM was considerable, and the effluent dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane formation potential concentrations were relatively low. This study indicated that the HHABB without the anoxic BAC-phase could be a feasible alternative for simultaneous removal of [Formula: see text] and NOM from drinking water at full scale.     

HIV/AIDS among conflict-affected and displaced populations: dispelling myths and taking action

Conflict, displacement, food insecurity and poverty make affected populations more vulnerable to HIV transmission. However, the common assumption that this vulnerability necessarily translates into more HIV infections and consequently fuels the HIV/AIDS epidemic is not supported by data. Whether or not conflict and displacement affect HIV transmission depends upon numerous competing and interacting factors. This paper explores and explains the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in conflict and addresses the unique characteristics that must be addressed when planning and implementing HIV/AIDS interventions among populations affected by conflict as compared with those in resource-poor settings. These include targeting at-risk groups, protection, programming strategies, coordination and integration and monitoring and evaluation. Areas for future HIV/AIDS operational research in conflict are discussed.     

利用FOCMEC和CAP方法反演2021年大丰海域M5.0及天宁M4.2地震震源机制解∗

利用 FOCMEC 和 CAP 方法分别对大丰海域 M5.0 地震、天宁 M4.2 地震震源机制解进行反演,分析两种方法所得结果的差异。大丰海域 M5.0 地震 FOCMEC 方法与 CAP 方法计算震源机制解结果存在细微差异,CAP 方法所得结果与其它机构结果较为统一。天宁 M4.2 地震 FOCMEC 方法与 CAP 方法计算震源机制解结果基本一致。 通过研究发现 CAP 方法对台站分布要求不高,但需要地震震级较大,波形信噪比高,震相拟合度较好;FOCMEC 方法对地震震级要求不高,但需要震中位置被台站包围较好,且震中附近台站密度较高,P 波初动清晰。     

Selective feeding programmes in Ethiopia and East Sudan–1985/1986

A survey of thirty-four feeding programmes in Ethiopia and East Sudan was undertaken. Wie differences were found between the two countries and also within Ethiopia. Irrelugar general ration distribution was commonplace in Ethiopia, thus placing an extra strain on selective feeding programmes. The principal admission criteria to Selected Feeding Programmes (SFPs) were weight for height categories. The cut-off stages of the emergency. Useful compasirions between programmes were hampered by such differences, as well as by the different methods of reporting data.
The types of food usd in programmes depended on availability and included high energyu drinks, poridges, take-home pre-mixes and sometimes indigenous foods. A large number of foods e.g. cornedbedef, chicken paté, noodles, da4tes etc. Some added interesting variety and added nutritional value to the diet, while others caused more problems than they solved due to their low acceptability, inappropriate packaging, limited accompanying information and complex an costly preparation. The imlementation of food dination policies by donors and consignees regarding appropriate foodstuffs and their recommended use was considered to be the major solution to this problem.     

湘江流域洪涝灾害与降水的关系

洪涝灾害是中国最为严重的自然灾害之一，给湘江流域（位于长江中下游）带来了众多的人员伤亡与巨大的经济损失，成为该区域可持续发展的严重障碍。以4—8月份总降水量和大雨强度（日降水量大于25mm）以上降水的频次为指标，分析了湘江流域近50年（1951—1998年）的降水与灾害严重程度的关系。研究表明：（1）湘江流域洪涝灾害程度在1981年前后发生了突变，呈现出显著上升趋势；根据其年代际波动特征可分为3个阶段：即1951—1965年的波动加剧阶段，1965—1973年的波动减轻阶段以及1973—1998年的波动加剧阶段；（2）近50年来湘江流域4—8月份总降水量和大雨强度以上降水频次没有明显的趋势变化，但其存在年代际尺度上的波动，可分为4段：即1951—1967年的波动减少阶段，1967—1977年的波动增加阶段，1977—1992年的波动减少阶段以及1992—1998年的波动增加阶段；（3）自每年4月1日开始，每5天统计一次该时段内的大雨强度以上总降水量，结果表明，自1980年以来，大雨强度以上降雨在时间上有向5、6月份集中的趋势；（4）随着社会经济财富的增加，洪涝灾害在加剧，人类对洪涝适应性对策（包括消极的经济欠发展行动和积极的兴修水利策略）在一定程度上可以缓解洪涝灾害。     

京津塘高速公路秋冬季低能见度及应对措施

利用2007年10-12月沿路布设的气象自动站相对湿度资料和能见度资料,初步分析了京津塘高速公路各路段低能见度事件的分布特点,指出秋冬季的低能见度天气分布及成因呈现明显的区域特征:低于1 km的低能见度事件,以塘沽局路段出现的概率最大,达到20%;小于200 m的低能见度事件,以泗村店路段出现概率最大,塘沽局次之;马驹桥路段出现不同视程低能见度事件的概率均为最小.当能见度小于1 km时,各路段车辆须减速;当能见度小于200 m时,建议马驹桥路段限速,塘沽西和泗村店路段在对车辆严格限速的同时,要密切关注能见度变化,随时准备封路,而塘沽局路段最好立即封路.进一步讨论了低能见度事件中相对湿度的分布特征,指出各路段不同视程的能见度事件主要是由雾、霾及其混合物等不同天气现象影响造成的.     

自然灾害发生时间序列的分形特征及R/S分析

统计了公元960年到1979年我国地震、洪涝和台风风暴潮灾害发生的时间及死亡人数,以分形几何中的Cantor集合为模型,发现我国自然灾害发生时间序列的分布呈现出明显的分形特征,并采用Smalley方法分别计算了不同灾害发生时间序列分布的分维值,它们均在0.5左右,同严格意义上的数学分形Cantor集合相比分维较小,说明我国地震等自然灾害发生发展的自组织程度还有进一步发展的趋势,其危害程度将可能进一步提高;在自然灾害发生时间序列的分形特征的基础上,通过R/S分析,得出3种自然灾害发生时间序列的H指数均在0.28左右,同日斑指数、树木年轮、湖泊水位变化等自然现象相比较小,说明自然灾害的发生具有短程相关性,其发生规律没有日斑指数等自然现象明显.该研究对于进一步认识和研究我国地震等自然灾害的发生规律和发展趋势等具有一定意义.     

The relationship between demographic/educational parameters and perceptions,knowledge and earthquake mitigation in Israel

Perceptions, knowledge and mitigation are factors that might play a role in preventing injury and loss of life during a major earthquake.² Little is known about the relationships between different demographic and educational parameters and these factors. A national representative sample of 495 adults was investigated in order to determine the relationship between demographic and educational parameters in terms of the perceived threat, perceived coping, knowledge and mitigation of earthquakes in Israel. Compared to females, males perceived the threat of earthquakes to be lower (t=3.183, p=0.002), manifested higher levels of perceived coping (t=2.55, p=0.011), and had higher levels of earthquake related knowledge (t=2.047, p=0.041). We conclude that there are gender differences in perceptions and knowledge regarding earthquakes.     

四川旱涝灾害时间分布序列的分形特征研究

本文采用分形理论计算了四川旱涝灾害时间分布序列的分数维，其结果初步证实了四川旱涝灾害时间分布在一定区间范围内的无标度性。无标度区的跨度及相应的分形维数可作为四川旱涝灾害自组织程度的量度。     

泥石流体的流变和冲淤特征及其与危险度的关系

从泥石流体流变特性的分析入手,深入地探讨了蒋家沟泥石流阵性流的淤积和冲刷特征。其冲淤变化特征与泥石流体的浓度特性和规模大小的发展过程有很大的关系。根据这些分析,可以将泥石流的危害划分为侵蚀和堆积两大类,并可能进一步完善泥石流危险度的评估。     

高邮地磁台加卸载响应比与江苏及邻近地区的地震预测

研究分析了高邮地磁台1980～2001年观测资料的加卸载响应比异常与江苏及邻近地区ML5.0以上地震之间的关系,提出了适用于高邮地磁台的地震分析预报参数,并对其内检预报效能进行了评价。     

砖石质不可移动文物本体监测/检测技术研究进展∗

砖石质不可移动文物作为历史文化的重要组成部分,一直受自然灾害、周边环境以及人类活动的影响,其本体健康状况始终处于风险之中。鉴于此,首先总结了砖石质不可移动文物本体的主要病害及成因,包括变形、渗漏水、风化与内部劣化;然后针对不同病害综述了对应的多种监测/检测技术的原理及特征,并根据实际工程案例进一步分析了各监测/检测技术的应用方法;在此基础上对比了各技术的优势与缺陷并给出了实用性的建议。研究发现,针对砖石质不可移动文物本体上述病害的监测/检测技术已取得了一系列进展,监测设备种类多、特征不一, 鉴于砖石质不可移动文物的易损性与不可代替性以及各种技术自身的局限性,在技术选择时,需要结合监测的多样化需求,如无损、实时、低成本等,确定出最优的监测方案。最后,根据现有的监测/检测技术研究基础,提出了灵活调整监测策略、提高监测/检测技术的普适性、加强监测/检测内容的针对性、探索多技术的联合应用、注重关键技术与协作模式的创新等若干需要继续探索的问题。