山西临汾市城区暴雨强度公式修订分析研究

本文利用临汾国家基本气象站1981-2013年的雨量资料,采用年最大值法进行雨样取样选取处理,通过对皮尔逊Ⅲ型和耿贝尔型分布函数曲线进行拟合试验,根据绝对误差和适线图结果,优选出误差最小的皮尔逊-Ⅲ型理论分布并推求出其雨强-历时-重现期(i~t~P)关系表。根据i~t~P表,由最小平方法得到暴雨强度公式中参数值,从而得到暴雨强度公式。暴雨强度公式拟合精度检验表明,重现期在2~100年间,绝对误差为0.026 mm/min,重现期在2~20年间绝对误差为0.024mm/min,其结果小于现行规范所规定的0.05 mm/min的绝对误差要求。新旧暴雨强度公式对比表明,除了低重现期短历时外,新暴雨强度公式雨强值比旧暴雨强度公式得到的雨强值大,且随着重现期增大,雨强值增加的幅度也增大。新暴雨强度公式可作为临汾市城区计算雨水排水设计流量、城市排水管网设计和城市规划设计重要依据。     

承灾体脆弱性评估指标的最优格网化方法——以淮河干流区暴雨洪涝灾害为例

选取淮河干流区基于社会经济数据的9种脆弱性指标,构建了暴雨洪涝灾害承灾体脆弱性评估体系,运用Arc GIS与Mat Lab软件实现面积权重法、面积占优法、中心点法和长度占优法对各脆弱性评估指标的格网化表达;利用熵值法改进的层次分析法对各指标赋值并进行4种算法下的脆弱性评估。结果表明:(1)面积权重法是单指标格网化过程中的最优算法,格网化结果与源数据间的均方根误差最小。(2)4种算法得到的格网化结果均无面积损失,面积权重法对所得评估结果的极值有一定程度的削弱作用,所得脆弱性评估结果在空间分布上基本与实际灾损情况一致。(3)淮河干流区暴雨洪涝灾害承灾体脆弱性高值区域主要分布在中部,中高值区域主要沿高值区的两侧向东西扩展,低值区主要分布在西南和东北两角。     

相关平差在地形变分析中的应用

本文运用广义最小二乘法原理,对自由网平差和误差椭园进行计算,给出应用公式和计算步骤。并应用本方法对新洲地区测边网先后二期资料进行较为系统的运算和分析研究。然后用F分布检验方法和绘制误差椭园,分析结果:两种方法所得结论是一致的。     

基于聚类与统计分级的河北省气象灾害综合区划研究

传统的气象灾害区划方法过于依赖专家经验。因此，该文探索基于聚类与统计分级方法，由计算机独立完成区划的技术。以河北省暴雨洪涝、冰雹、大风等9种气象灾害为例，通过K均值聚类的方法实现了全自动的区域划分，将河北省气象灾害综合区划分为6个区，并对比了不同单灾种危险性分级对最终区划的影响，基于分位数法得到的区划方案最优，其各个区域的分布与历史灾情分布较为一致。     

考虑管线失效相关性的埋设管网系统地震可靠性随机模拟

城市范围内的埋地管线,具有相似的结构属性参数,面临空间相关的地震动荷载,管线结构地震破坏失效存在相关性。提出一种考虑管线失效相关性的埋设管网地震连通可靠性随机模拟方法,以空间距离表示管线位置处地震动参数的相关系数,采用经验震害公式求解管线地震破坏概率,通过联合分布与边缘分布的关系得到管线结构失效事件的相关系数。将管线结构地震破坏事件视为相关随机变量,采用正交变换方法将相关随机变量转变为独立随机变量,进行Monte Carlo随机模拟求解管网"源-汇"点连通事件的概率。通过设定地震作用下典型算例的连通可靠性求解,验证了方法的正确性,并比较了管线失效相关性对管网地震可靠性分析结果的影响。     

基于机器学习方法的上海市暴雨内涝灾情预测模型研究

本文基于区域灾害系统理论,综合考虑致灾因子、暴露度和脆弱性,提出了一套暴雨内涝灾情预测指标体系;在此基础上利用上海市应急联动中心110接报暴雨内涝灾情数据,构建了暴雨内涝灾情预测BP模型(Back Propagation Model)和XGBoost模型(Extreme Gradient Boosting Model),并对比分析了预测模型效果,实现对上海市暴雨过程内涝灾情数量预测;最后对内涝灾情影响等级进行阈值划分,以期为暴雨内涝影响预报与风险预警业务、服务及灾害管理提供技术支撑。结果表明:1)综合考虑致灾因子、暴露度、脆弱性指标且不经主成分分析降维的指标组合作为暴雨内涝灾情预测指标体系时,BP模型和XGBoost模型的预测精度最优;2)全量样本XGBoost模型总体表现最优,暴雨内涝灾情的右偏分布和内涝灾情的异常高值均对XGBoost模型预测误差有不同程度的贡献;3)综合评价法在历史灾情百分位法和模拟灾情百分位法基础上,结合多年业务实践经验和用户对于110灾情的处置承受力对暴雨内涝灾情进行阈值划分,在实际应用中具有一定参考意义。     

杭州市极值暴雨的统计建模与频率计算研究

以杭州市1951—2012年的逐日降水资料为基础,通过极值统计理论中的广义极值分布和广义帕累托分布分别模拟城市暴雨的年最大值序列和超阈值序列,采用极大似然估计法估计模型参数,采用分位数图和Kolmogorov-Smirnov方法对拟合结果进行拟合优度检验,并借助轮廓似然函数估计方法估计模型关键参数及设计暴雨的置信区间。研究结果表明:虽然广义极值分布和广义帕累托分布的分布类型和样本序列存在一定差异,但两种分布关于杭州市暴雨极值的统计推断结果比较相近。在样本资料长度有限的条件下,应重视暴雨极值不确定性的分析研究。轮廓似然函数法可以反映重现期长短对设计暴雨置信区间的影响,有助于定量估计设计暴雨的置信区间。此方法和研究成果对于评估杭州市暴雨极值及其不确定性具有理论与实际意义,可为城市洪涝规划与工程设计提供技术支撑。     

基于VIKOR方法的广东省城市洪涝灾害韧性评估

在全球变暖和城市化的共同影响下，城市洪涝灾害频发，韧性评估是城市灾害风险管理的关键环节。在综合考虑经济、社会、环境、管理四个维度的基础上，选取15个城市洪涝灾害韧性评估指标，采用熵权法和VIKOR方法构建评估模型，对广东省21个地级市的洪涝灾害韧性进行评估。结果表明：广东省洪涝灾害韧性等级分布主要从珠江口两岸城市向四周降低，韧性等级最高的为深圳市，韧性等级最低的为清远市；灾害韧性指数在空间分布上存在显著集聚，其中高-高聚类的城市分布在珠三角地区，而低-低聚类的城市分布在粤北地区；从灾害韧性在灾前、灾中和灾后的变化情况来看，深圳市、清远市、韶关市和揭阳市的变化幅度最小。根据城市灾害韧性敏感性分析提出优化建议，研究结果可以推动城市韧性水平建设。     

基于均匀分布的滑坡数值模拟参数取值概率研究--以甘肃黑方台黄土滑坡为例

针对数值模拟参数选取主观性强、量化难度大的问题,在高精度无人机地形数据的基础上,通过对11起滑坡案例进行了407组参数反演实验,对结果准确度定量评价后,得到基于Massflow数值软件关键参数λ0的分布范围,进而运用小样本极大似然估计理论,分析区间边界长度对反演精度的影响,最终提出基于均匀分布的参数取值概率模型,并选用案例验证该模型的准确性。结果表明:地形约束会导致反演过程中所需的内聚力减小,反演获得的11组最优λ0的极差和方差分别为0.29、0.01,在置信度为95%下,极大似然法得到区间边界估计长度仅为0.0998,表明参数λ收敛性较好;反演过程中质心滑动距离ψ准确度优于堆积面积重叠率η,在λ0±0.05的范围,参数估计区间内任意值对模拟误差影响较小,评价指标ψ、η与λ0对应案例的相对误差不超过15%;所选案例验证了在置信度为95%下,以反演得到的最优参数区间边界中点构建概率分布函数的可行性和准确性,研究方法可为单体滑坡数值模拟风险评价提供理论支撑。     

加速遗传算法及其在暴雨强度公式参数优化中的应用

提出了一般非线性自然灾害模型参数优化的一种通用的数值方法———加速遗传算法,分析了该算法控制参数的优化特性,总结出了这些参数的简便设置技术,并给出了它在暴雨强度公式参数优化中的应用实例。该方法可广泛应用于各种自然灾害模型的优化问题。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.     

The need to look beyond the production and provision of relief seed: experiences from southern Sudan

Free distribution of seeds in selected areas of southern Sudan has been widespread as a way of increasing food security. Field research in areas targeted for seed relief found that farmer seed systems continue to meet the crop and varietal needs of farmers even following the 1998 famine. Donor investments in seed multiplication of improved sorghum have not been sustained due to a lack of effective demand for the improved seed beyond that created by the relief agencies. The article argues that rather than imposing outside solutions, whether through seed provisioning or seed production enterprises, greater attention needs to be given to building on the strengths of existing farmer systems and designing interventions to alleviate the weaknesses. The case is made to support dynamically the process of farmer experimentation through the informed introduction of new crops and varieties that can potentially reinforce the strength and diversity of local cropping systems.     

Social capital and food security in post-conflict rural Lira District,northern Uganda

While a strong relationship has been established between social capital and food security in the research literature, it is uncertain whether this holds in post-conflict situations. This study examines associations between social capital and food security in post-conflict Lira District, northern Uganda. Since factors affecting food security are complex, we explored the roles of households' characteristics in food security outcomes. Data were collected from March to July 2011 through face-to-face interviews with 221 heads of household in rural Lira. Using multinomial logistic regression, a strong positive association was identified between social capital and household food security. The study also found significant associations of food security with sex, education of household head, amount of cultivated land, and farm and home possessions. The results of this analysis can aid the design of food security programmes that empower poor people while targeting the most vulnerable groups, thereby promoting sustainable development in post-conflict communities.