关于抗震救灾工作进程及其阶段性特点的初步探讨——以芦山7.0级地震抗震救灾工作为例

通过对四川省抗震救灾指挥部应对2013年四川芦山7.0级强烈地震工作进程的解读,分析了抗震救灾工作进程,将抗震救灾工作划分为应急启动、紧急处置、后续处置和恢复重建等四个阶段,给出了抗震救灾各阶段的工作重点,同时认为抗震救灾阶段的演化主要体现在救灾决策角度、关注重点的转化。     

国家地震应急救援队训练基地

我国地震应急救援工作起步晚、起点高、发展快。 2000年成立国务院抗震救灾指挥部； 2001年组建国家地震灾害紧急救援队（中国国际救援队）； 2002年成立国家地震现场应急工作队；     

地震应急救援任重道远

我国地震应急救援工作起步晚、起点高、发展快。2000年成立国务院抗震救灾指挥部；2001年组建国家地震灾害紧急救援队（中国国际救援队）；2002年成立国家地震现场应急工作队；2003年中国国际救援队首次出生阿尔及利亚开启我国参与国际救援先河，北京建成全国第一个地震应急避难场所；2004年组建中国地震应急搜救中心；2005年中国国际教授队执行印度洋地震海啸和巴基斯坦地震国际教授；2006年建立区域地震应急协作联运工作机制，首次举办国际多国地震救援演练；2007年建成国家和省级一体化的抗震救灾应急指挥技术系统和现场技术系统；2008年建成国家地震灾害紧急教授训练基地并投入使用。     

青岛举行地震应急救援演练

青岛市抗震救灾指挥部近期组织全市30多个部门和单位分段举行大规模地震应急救援演练。演练由副市长王修林指挥，中国地震局地震应急救援司司长黄建发、青岛市人大常委会副主任孔心田、山东省地震局局长晁洪太及厦门、威海、济南等11城市的领导现场现摩了演练。     

云南省石屏县举行地震应急演练

2007年7月17日上午。石屏县在县城新区举行地震应急现场演练。演练假想当日上午8时叭分在石屏县城附近发生6．5级破坏性地震。地震发生后，县抗震救灾指挥部采取应急措施，将受灾群众紧急疏散到应急避难场所，同时启动相关应急预案，各救援分队“第一时间”进入灾害现场展开救援行动。     

“5·12”科普宣传纪实

<正>2010年5月12日是我国第二个"防灾减灾日",也是汶川地震2周年纪念日,为进一步弘扬抗震救灾精神,唤起社会各界对防灾减灾工作的关注,根据中国地震局关于防灾减灾日宣传活动方案的要求,中国地震局办公室、震灾应急救援司、震害防御司,中国地震灾害防御中心,搜救中心,北京市地震局和中国灾害防御协会等单位,联     

国家科技支撑计划“灾害应急救援系列装备研制”项目启动

2013年6月28日,国家科技支撑计划项目"灾害应急救援系列装备研制"项目启动会在北京中国地震应急搜救中心凤凰岭基地举行。该项目由中国地震局组织,中国地震应急搜救中心牵头,中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所、北京理工大学、中国人民解放军防化研究院等16个科研院所、高校和企业参加。该项目针对防灾减灾、生产安全等领域对应急救援与生存保障装备的需求,计划在3年内完成灾害应急响     

中心城市如何组建地震应急救援分队

厦门市在中国地震局指导帮助下,于2001年11月在厦门公安消防支队和市政有关联动单位组建了地震应急救援分队。经过两年来的建设和针对性训练,现已基本具备地震应急救援能力。实践证明,在中心城市组建地震应急救援分队是十分必要的。组建地震应急分队,主要应做好以下五个方面的工作。     

2010年度全国地震应急指挥系统演练

<正>为了进一步推进应急指挥系统工作,推进对各级抗震救灾指挥部的服务保障能力,8月10-11日,中国地震局举行了2010年度全国地震应急指挥系统演练,震灾应急救援司黄建发司长、苗崇刚副司长,中国地震台网中心潘怀文主任、张晓东副主任和地震应急指挥技术协调组顾问聂高     

地震应急救援信息需求及获取建议

地震应急救援实践表明,破坏性地震,尤其是造成重大人员伤亡和严重经济损失的大地震发生后,快速、全面获取地震灾区包括人员伤亡、生命线工程损毁、道路桥梁破坏、次生灾害分布、尚存医疗设施、可调配救援力量等在内的各种信息资源,对及时组织开展应急救援,快速部署救援力量,提高生命救援效率,高效应对大震巨灾将起到至关重要的作用。该文在调研的基础上,对地震应急救援信息需求进行初步归纳,并对开展大震巨灾信息获取工作提出建议。     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Where the exception confirms the rule: The cyclones of 1982-1983 in French Polynesia

The island groups of French Polynesia, which had not experienced any really devastating cyclones since the beginning of the century, were hard hit several times between December 1982 and April 1983. This paper reviews the cost of damage from these cyclones and shows how lowered public awareness of the hazard in a low-frequency area combined with the special economic conditions prevailing in the Territory to make the total cost much higher than it need have been. Ways and means of rehabilitation are analyzed. The development of the thermal imbalance in the Pacific, which appears to have triggered this series of natural disasters, only seemingly exceptional, is briefly discussed.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Vested Interest theory and disaster preparedness

Three studies were designed to extend a combination of vested interest theory (VI) and the extended parallel process model of fear appeals (EPPM) to provide formative research for creating more effective disaster preparedness social action campaigns. The aim was to develop an effective VI scale for assessing individual awareness and ‘vestedness’ relevant to disaster preparedness. Typical preparedness behaviours are discussed with emphasis on earthquakes and tornados in particular. Brief overviews of VI and the EPPM are offered, and findings are presented from three studies (one dealing with earthquakes, and two with tornados) conducted to determine the factor structure of the key VI components involved, and to develop and test subscales derived from the two theories. The paper finishes with a discussion of future research needs and suggestions on how the new subscales may be applied in the design and execution of more effective disaster preparedness campaigns.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.