基于GIS的上海市嘉定区暴雨积涝灾害风险区划研究

根据2006-2012年上海嘉定区9个气象站点的小时降水资料,结合嘉定区的社会经济与自然地理要素,构建一个集致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体及防灾减灾能力为一体的区域暴雨积涝风险评价模型。通过GIS技术实现各指标的栅格化,并利用指数模型对各因子基于500 m×500 m栅格的基本单元进行计算,编制嘉定区的暴雨积涝灾害风险区划图,构成嘉定区五个等级的风险,分别为高、次高、中等、次低和低。区划结果表明嘉定区的暴雨积涝灾害危险性指数从中心向外围成递减的趋势,且嘉定镇、新城和工业南区相对风险较高,华亭、徐行、南航和江桥风险相对较低。经嘉定区历年暴雨积涝灾情资料、典型暴雨积涝案例和专家的验证,均表明风险区划的结果和实际灾情符合度较高,对嘉定暴雨积涝的防灾减灾具有重要的现实指导意义。     

基于PPD的辽宁省暴雨灾害风险分析

根据辽宁省1976-2006年逐日降水和暴雨灾害损失数据,基于自然灾害风险理论,利用PPD(可能性-概率分布),分析不同等级暴雨发生的可能性;通过建立灾损指标体系获得暴雨灾损指数,结合Arc GIS技术,进行了辽宁省暴雨灾害风险评价与区划。结果表明:1辽宁省暴雨发生的可能性,随暴雨等级的增加而降低,主要发生一到四级暴雨,五级暴雨很少见,而发生2~5级暴雨概率基本由东南向西北递减(一级由西北向东南递减);2全省而言,暴雨灾害损失及风险与暴雨发生可能性区域分布特征总体吻合,即呈现南高北低、东高西低、由东南向西北递减的趋势;3PPD适用于风险分析中计算致灾因子发生的可能性,因为以该模型为基础的研究结果与近年来辽宁省暴雨发生风险事实一致。     

福建省茶叶气象灾害致灾危险性区划与评估

为了摸清福建复杂地形下茶叶单灾种及多灾种综合致灾风险,利用福建省1972—2014年气象数据和农业统计资料,构建致灾因子危险性区划指标体系,基于AHP-EWM方法和加权综合法量化计算各指标权重和灾害风险指数,开展茶叶单灾种及多灾种综合致灾危险性区划,评估福建省茶叶气象灾害致灾危险性。结果表明:福建茶树萌芽至展叶期寒冻害的致灾危险性最大,其次是越冬期冻害和采摘期连阴雨,而夏季高温和夏秋旱对茶树致灾的影响相对较小。福建大部茶区的气象灾害综合致灾危险性呈轻度至中度,轻度危险区主要分布在福建沿海地区及南部内陆县市的部分地带;中度危险区主要分布在除沿海地区和鹫峰山区、戴云山区、武夷山区、玳瑁山区和博平岭的高海拔地域以外的地域;重度以上危险区主要分布在鹫峰山区、戴云山区、武夷山区、玳瑁山区和博平岭山区的高海拔区域,其中1 000 m以上高海拔地区有严重气象灾害危险性。建议在轻度至中度气象灾害危险区增加茶叶种植面积,重度灾害危险区必须通过优化茶叶种植结构,种植耐寒的中小叶种及晚生的春茶品种,以避开气象灾害威胁,同时加强茶叶气象灾害的监测预警和防御,通过"避"和"防"的措施减轻茶叶气象灾害风险;而对于高海拔地区(1 000 m以上)有严重气象灾害的危险性区域,种植风险高,不适宜种植茶叶。     

农业气象灾害风险评估体系及模型研究

从灾害风险分析的角度构建了一个由我国北方冬小麦干旱、江淮冬小麦渍涝、东北作物夏季低温冷害以及华南荔枝和香蕉冬季寒害组合的灾害风险评估体系.该体系由风险辨识、风险估算和风险评价组成.风险辨识分别阐明了上述各灾种的孕灾环境、致灾因子和承灾体的灾情特征.在风险评估方面,基于灾害性质、灾损和抗灾性能的含义,提出了相应的风险概念模型,根据多年产量资料和气象资料,提出了应用性强、可操作的各种灾害的灾害强度风险概率模拟模式和灾损风险概率模拟模式、抗灾性能模式,并采用逐年产量和气象资料的样本序列,由上述模拟模式估算了各种灾害强度和不同灾损发生的风险概率及风险指数,阐述了风险水平的地区差异.在风险评价方面,根据对各种灾损的风险指标进行综合,分别提出了风险区划指标,并进行了风险区域划分.     

城市暴雨灾害风险评估及防御对策研究——以江苏省南京市为例

以江苏省南京市为例,从气象灾害发生维度评估城市暴雨气象灾害风险性。从致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体三方面构建南京暴雨灾害风险评价体系,采用2003-2012年统计数据对南京暴雨灾害风险评价指标进行等级划分,构建隶属函数判定评价因素与评价等级的隶属程度,建立二级模糊综合评价模型评估南京暴雨灾害风险,并选取2012年南京暴雨实例进行数据演算,验证该评价模型的有效性,最后提出南京暴雨灾害的防御对策。     

基于GIS的广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估

以自然灾害风险评估理论和方法为指导,遥感本底数据、气象数据、基础地理信息数据、社会经济数据为基础数据,构建广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估指标体系,采用层次分析及加权综合法建立农业暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估模型;借助GIS技术,计算广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性、防灾减灾能力及综合风险指数,并对广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害进行风险区划,采用相关分析法将广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害风险结果与广西历史暴雨洪涝灾情数据进行对比验证,研究结果表明,农业暴雨洪涝风险分布结果与洪涝灾情损失的空间分布基本吻合,南部沿海的风险性最强,西部风险性最小。     

基于GIS的滑坡灾害风险空间预测

滑坡灾害风险评价是一个包含有滑坡危险性评价和承灾体易损性评价的体系,对滑坡危险性进行了空间预测与区划,并开展了区域承灾体易损性的区划与评价。结合风险评价的基本要求,进行了研究区滑坡灾害的风险区划,将其划分为极高、高、中、低与极低风险区。针对研究区经济发展水平及政府防灾力度,提出了适合研究区的可接受风险标准与管理对策。     

文化型山岳景区山洪灾害风险评估及对策研究——以南昌大西山景区为例

我国的文化型山岳景区数量多且山洪灾害频发,极易造成重大安全事故,为提升山洪风险评估体系的适用性,以南昌大西山景区为例构建文化型山岳景区山洪灾害风险评估模型,提出防治措施。结合大西山景区山洪灾害的特点,从山洪致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性以及承灾体易损性三方面选取了多年平均暴雨日数、多年平均最大日雨量等9个指标构建山洪灾害风险评价指标体系。通过层次分析法确定各指标因子权重,利用加权综合评价法计算并绘制景区暴雨危险性程度图,同时结合自然间断点分级法通过山洪灾害风险评估模型区划大西山景区山洪灾害风险,通过模型评估大西山景区山洪灾害风险等级范围,提供可靠的防洪决策依据,并给出文化型山岳景区山洪灾害的相关防治措施。     

基于TRMM数据的京津冀暴雨风险评估

对卫星降水数据TRMM 3B42-V7在京津冀地区的适用性进行了分析,利用2008-2012年的TRMM,并以致灾危险性因子、孕灾环境因子、承灾因子为评估体系,选取连续两日暴雨天数、暴雨日数、暴雨量均值、5 a的4月至9月降水季年值、坡度及综合GDP等6项指标,采用快速聚类方法对京津冀暴雨风险进行了评估。结果表明:(1)高分辨率的TRMM卫星数据能较好地反映京津冀地区的真实降雨特征,对暴雨事件的判断及降水量值误差控制良好。(2)聚类分析将整个研究区域分为4个子类:第1,2类暴雨风险较低,第3,4类暴雨风险较高;京津冀中部东北-西南方向及其东南向延伸的大部分地区为暴雨风险高的区域,应注重防范由暴雨引发的山地灾害及城市内涝等灾害。     

广东橡胶风害等级标准及风险区划研究

台风是造成橡胶风害的主要原因之一,为确定广东省橡胶风害关键因子、等级标准和风险区域。本文采用个例分析法结合文献资料、灾情调查资料、气象观测资料和GIS技术确定了广东橡胶风害的等级标准、关键致灾因子和风险区划。结果表明:瞬时极大风速对橡胶风害的发生起关键作用。橡胶风害主要分为无风害(≤8级)、轻度风害(9～10级)、中度风害(11～12级)和重度风害(12级)4个等级。区划结果表明:无风害区主要位于粤北北部地区,轻度风害风险区主要位于粤北、粤中大部和粤西北部地区,中度风害风险区主要位于粤东和珠三角地区,重度风害风险区主要位于粤西南部。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.