太平洋生死144天漂流记

浪漫出海2006年1月24日,当黎明的曙光照亮哥斯达黎加海岸20海里外晴空的时候,27岁的约勒·冈萨雷斯与25岁的女友爱迪丝正操纵着不足9米的小渔船"圣     

趣味知识

做伪证的牵牛花一天早上,大阪城西的化工厂笼罩在熊熊的火焰中,消防队员奋战了很久才将火扑灭。警方经过仔细勘查发现,火灾现场有明显的纵火痕迹。另据调查,科研人员雄本和化工厂老板曾有过过节,两人为了一件事情差点儿打起来。当天凌晨,一位拾垃圾的老     

反恐新武器——高科技的“狮子吼”

在金庸的武侠小说《倚天屠龙记》中,亦正亦邪的大侠金毛狮王谢逊会一门很奇特的功夫,那就是"狮子吼"。谢逊一吼,如果事先没有保护措施,方圆数公里内的人都会暂时失去行动能力,情况严重者     

基于矿井通风仿真系统的成庄矿分区通风研究

为了解决晋城煤业集团在部分矿井减产的情况下，对各大矿井进行综合生产能力提升的发展战略问题，利用矿井通风仿真系统MVSS3．0，对该集团成庄矿的通风网络在仿真的基础上进行优化。利用矿井通风仿真系统实现了二、四盘区和三、五盘区的分区通风，为矿井的以风定产提供了科学依据。二、四盘区分区通风不但解决了风机“对拉”问题，也解决了风速超限、风流不稳等问题，并且能满足后续的开拓、生产。同时也解决了瓦斯问题。采用6道压力平衡风门将三、五盘区隔开，这种方法施工简单、易行、经济，调节设施少，便于通风管理，分区后通风状况良好。     

我国城市内涝灾害的影响因子及气象服务对策

近年来，一场暴雨导致某座现代化大都市部分功能瘫痪、生命财产损失惨重的案例屡见不鲜。以山西为例，通过分析认为城市化导致大城市降水量和强降水事件增多、城市规划和排水管网建设滞后、完善的城市内涝灾害气象服务体系尚未建立等是造成城市内涝灾害加重的主要原因，并提出城市内涝气象服务对策建议。     

青藏高原季风变化及其与中国北方春季沙尘暴的关联

利用1948—2003年的逐H600hPa2.5°×2．5°NCEP／NCAR再分析资料和1957—2003年中国北方地区春季沙尘暴日数资料，计算了反映青藏高原地区季风特征的高度场指数序列，分析了青藏高原高度场指数的年代际变化。结果表明：近56年来，高原季风指数总体呈现冬季风减弱、夏季风增强的变化趋势；高原季风的变化与我困北方地区春季沙尘暴的多寡密切相关，高原冬季风偏强的年份，我国北方地区春季沙尘暴偏多，而高原冬季风偏弱的年份，我国北方地区春季沙尘暴偏少。     

向空间要绿地——感受立体绿化

随着人类科学技术的不断发展,人类文明程度的不断提高,特别是高速发达的现代工业、商业、交通、建筑等行业,加速了城市化进程的步伐,人们在享受高科技带来的便捷、舒适的同时,也给周围的自然环境带来了严重破坏。大气不断变暖,臭氧逐年减少,空气严重污染。林木资源短缺以及乱砍乱伐等人为破坏,使我们赖以生存的地球满目疮痍,伤痕累累,苦不堪言。近些年,人们越来越强烈地认识到,保护地球生态环境,扩大绿地面积,植树造林,就是保护人类自身。但现实摆在那儿,人口     

国外各具特色的抗击暴风雪方法

入冬以来,极端天气越来越频繁地袭击世界多个国家。继暴风雪扰乱英国、德国、丹麦、意大利等欧洲国家的空中和陆路交通之后,美国东北部地区的暴风雪也让其航空、铁路和公路交通受到严重影响,造成道路中断、航班取消。面对暴风雪的猛烈袭击,各国纷纷根据实际发挥自身优势,采取有效措施减轻灾害给社会生产和民众生活带来的不便,其有特色的经验做法值得我们借鉴学习。     

市长声音

程勉贵(渭南市副市长):防灾减灾,从娃娃抓起这次培训收获很大!以前只是了解一些这方面的知识,而像这样比较专业、全面的地震应急培训,还是首次参加。总的来说,社会上对地震灾害的认知度不够,特别是少震区的人们防震意识更加薄弱。提高全社会的防震减灾意识,最好的方法还是从娃娃抓起,从学校入手,一个孩子带动一个家诞的力量很大。     

国际减灾术语(2009年版)

国际减灾战略组织公布减灾术语的目的是促进人们普遍理解和使用减少灾害风险的概念,并协助政府、从业人员和市民为减少灾害而努力. 2009年的减灾术语版本是国际减灾战略组织与专家及实际工作者在各国家和地区以及国际会议生进行范围广泛的减灾回顾和磋商讨论后形成的.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.     

The need to look beyond the production and provision of relief seed: experiences from southern Sudan

Free distribution of seeds in selected areas of southern Sudan has been widespread as a way of increasing food security. Field research in areas targeted for seed relief found that farmer seed systems continue to meet the crop and varietal needs of farmers even following the 1998 famine. Donor investments in seed multiplication of improved sorghum have not been sustained due to a lack of effective demand for the improved seed beyond that created by the relief agencies. The article argues that rather than imposing outside solutions, whether through seed provisioning or seed production enterprises, greater attention needs to be given to building on the strengths of existing farmer systems and designing interventions to alleviate the weaknesses. The case is made to support dynamically the process of farmer experimentation through the informed introduction of new crops and varieties that can potentially reinforce the strength and diversity of local cropping systems.     

Social capital and food security in post-conflict rural Lira District,northern Uganda

While a strong relationship has been established between social capital and food security in the research literature, it is uncertain whether this holds in post-conflict situations. This study examines associations between social capital and food security in post-conflict Lira District, northern Uganda. Since factors affecting food security are complex, we explored the roles of households' characteristics in food security outcomes. Data were collected from March to July 2011 through face-to-face interviews with 221 heads of household in rural Lira. Using multinomial logistic regression, a strong positive association was identified between social capital and household food security. The study also found significant associations of food security with sex, education of household head, amount of cultivated land, and farm and home possessions. The results of this analysis can aid the design of food security programmes that empower poor people while targeting the most vulnerable groups, thereby promoting sustainable development in post-conflict communities.