地质灾害风险评价研究

地质灾害风险评价是对风险区遭受不同强度地质灾害的可能性及其可能造成的灾害损失进行定量分析和评价,是一项极具现实意义的重要研究课题。从区域上预测、预防地质灾害,对城市规划和工程选址,实现人与环境的和谐发展具有重要的现实意义。系统阐述了风险的定义、地质灾害风险评价研究现状、地质灾害风险评价内容与评价系统,在此基础上总结归纳了地质灾害风险评价的方法、类型及评价模型与实施,最后探讨了存在的问题和展望了地质灾害风险评价的发展趋向。     

地质灾害风险评估(价)研究综述

回顾了国内外地质灾害风险评估的研究现状,总结并讨论了地质灾害风险的概念、评价内容、评价方法和评价模型．分析并提出了地质灾害风险评价研究的发展趋势。     

东南沿海山区小流域突发地质灾害动态风险评价与应急预警

降雨作用下山区小流域突发地质灾害动态风险评价与应急预警是值得探讨的研究课题。选择浙中丘陵山区衢江区铜山源典型小流域为研究区,基于风险评价理论和模糊数学方法,构建降雨作用下山区小流域突发地质灾害动态风险预警模型,以典型代表性降雨事件为实例,以动态风险水平为预警判据,开展研究区地质灾害动态风险评价,指导区域地质灾害应急防灾。实例验证表明:在"2011·6·19"代表性降雨事件下,研究区地质灾害动态风险水平划分为极低、低和中3级区,对应于应急预警Ⅴ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅲ级区,以此有效指导分区地质灾害应急处置和防灾;而且经实际地质灾害发生情况检验与验证,本次新发生点位于地质灾害动态风险中级(应急预警Ⅲ级)区,可见动态风险水平分区评价是合理可靠的;通过降雨作用下山区小流域突发地质灾害动态风险评价可以有效指导区内地质灾害应急预警和防灾处置,具有积极的指导和实践意义。     

山区线性工程地质灾害风险动态评价方法及应用

线性工程的路线长(如输变电、道路、管线工程等),特别是在地质环境条件复杂的山区,工程建设及运营期间遭受地质灾害威胁的风险大,防范管理的难度大,进行动态评价是防范风险的有效途径,也将是今后研究的主要趋势。结合藏中电力联网输变电工程地质灾害风险管理,提出了基于InSAR监测技术、考虑斜坡活动性的地质灾害风险动态评价方法。该方法构建了考虑斜坡活动性的危险性评价指标体系,建立了可以动态更新的加权信息量评价模型,针对电网工程输电塔位这一核心易损目标,初步实现了山区线性工程地质灾害风险动态评价,最后采用历史灾害分布和ROC曲线对比验证了评价方法的可行性,对于山区线性工程建设风险管理具有推广应用价值。     

中国地质灾害风险允许标准

风险允许标准,亦可称为风险可接受标准或风险评价标准,是指对一个具体风险的可容许程度进行分级评价的依据或准则。该文旨在简述风险允许标准的发展与定义,总结国内外地质灾害风险允许标准与原则。通过对2005-2014年我国因地质灾害而死亡的人数数据进行分析,结合当前风险允许标准的研究现状,提出我国风险允许标准应采用FN曲线与ALARP原则相结合的方法确定,得到我国地质灾害风险允许标准可接受风险的平均值为1.93×10-5/年,并以此确定我国地质灾害可接受风险水平FN曲线的上下限分别为1.0×10-4/年和1.0×10-5/年,为我国地质灾害风险评估提供依据。     

陕西省韩城市地质灾害风险评估

地质灾害风险评估方法较多,但主要集中在对单体地质灾害的风险评估研究,对区域风险评价较少。该文以韩城市为研究对象,以网格划分为评价单元,以1:50 000地质灾害详细调查数据及收集到的相关社会、经济资料为基础,以概率统计法、Arc GIS、Mapgis、Auto CAD等为手段,对地质灾害危险性与承灾体易损性分项评价,采用定性综合评估的方法,实现韩城市地质灾害风险评估。将承灾体易损性分为人口易损性和财产易损性,提出人口比率和财产损失比率的概念,分别用因灾人口死亡总和/受威胁人口总和、已造成的财产损失总和/可能造成的财产损失总和表示,以单体地质灾害为基础,在评价单元内叠加评价,最终形成韩城矿区地质灾害风险评估分区图,根据不同的风险等级提出不同的防治建议,旨在为政府部门进行宏观决策、地方进行减灾防灾提供基础依据。     

川藏公路然乌-东久段地质灾害定量评价--"地质灾害熵"概念的提出和应用

为了定量地分析断层、节理和岩体结构等各种"致灾因子"在地质灾害产生过程中的权重以及某个地区地质灾害的易发性,本文根据信息熵的理论和方法,提出了"地质灾害熵"概念,并在此基础上建立了一种基于"地质灾害熵"的地质灾害评价新方法.通过将这种地质灾害评价方法应用于评价川藏公路然乌-东久段的地质灾害,验证了该方法的合理性和可靠性.     

重庆市地质灾害风险评估信息系统

重庆市地质灾害类型多,分布广,危害大,传统的预测预报及评估方法已显落后,迫切需要构建一套能快速、准确评价该区地质灾害危险性、易损性的具有模块化、网络化的风险评价系统.在Windows环境下,以GIS系列工具软件为基础平台,采用数据库管理技术对数据进行采集、存储、管理、分析、计算和图形显示,利用计算机语言的编程功能,开发了重庆市地质灾害评估信息系统,使有关决策部门能够方便地对系统进行查询和分析,获取所需要的地质灾害评估结果,为有关部门的灾害预测预报和提出有效、科学的防灾、减灾和救灾措施提供依据.     

黄土高原山区城镇边坡地质灾害风险分级系统--以吉县吉昌镇为例

随着山区城镇建设规模的扩张,城镇边坡风险评价与分级成为亟需开展的一项研究工作,同时,对于山区城镇土地利用规划、地质灾害防治决策等具有重要现实指导意义。该文以吉县吉昌镇为例,在前人研究的基础上,开展黄土高原城镇边坡地质灾害风险分级系统研究,通过完善、优化城镇边坡危险性评价指标,采用数理统计学方法重新厘定城镇边坡危险性与危害性的评分分级标准,进而依据建立的城镇边坡地质灾害风险分级矩阵表确定边坡的风险级别,探索建立黄土高原山区城镇边坡地质灾害风险分级系统,为山区城镇土地利用规划、建设以及地质灾害风险防控提供技术支撑。     

地质灾害可接受风险水平研究

可接受风险水平是地质灾害风险管制方法研究中重要的研究内容之一,其目的是通过估算地质灾害风险评价结果值,确定承灾体的受灾影响,然后将可接受风险水平作为风险评价的判据,评判所估算的风险值是否可以接受。通过对我国2000-2010年因地质灾害而死亡的人数以及每年总人口数据进行分析,针对我国地质灾害可接受风险水平的确定分析展开研究,提出了我国地质灾害可接受风险标准的上限值(可容忍风险线的风险值)为10-6/a,可接受风险标准的下限值(可接受风险线的风险值)为10-7/a,确定了我国地质灾害可接受风险水平FN曲线。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.     

The need to look beyond the production and provision of relief seed: experiences from southern Sudan

Free distribution of seeds in selected areas of southern Sudan has been widespread as a way of increasing food security. Field research in areas targeted for seed relief found that farmer seed systems continue to meet the crop and varietal needs of farmers even following the 1998 famine. Donor investments in seed multiplication of improved sorghum have not been sustained due to a lack of effective demand for the improved seed beyond that created by the relief agencies. The article argues that rather than imposing outside solutions, whether through seed provisioning or seed production enterprises, greater attention needs to be given to building on the strengths of existing farmer systems and designing interventions to alleviate the weaknesses. The case is made to support dynamically the process of farmer experimentation through the informed introduction of new crops and varieties that can potentially reinforce the strength and diversity of local cropping systems.     

Social capital and food security in post-conflict rural Lira District,northern Uganda

While a strong relationship has been established between social capital and food security in the research literature, it is uncertain whether this holds in post-conflict situations. This study examines associations between social capital and food security in post-conflict Lira District, northern Uganda. Since factors affecting food security are complex, we explored the roles of households' characteristics in food security outcomes. Data were collected from March to July 2011 through face-to-face interviews with 221 heads of household in rural Lira. Using multinomial logistic regression, a strong positive association was identified between social capital and household food security. The study also found significant associations of food security with sex, education of household head, amount of cultivated land, and farm and home possessions. The results of this analysis can aid the design of food security programmes that empower poor people while targeting the most vulnerable groups, thereby promoting sustainable development in post-conflict communities.