组合网壳屋盖结构风振响应分析及等效静风荷载

结合惠州会议展览中心风洞试验结果,对波浪形组合网壳结构的风荷载和风振响应进行了分析,包括:24个风向角下屋盖荷载分布特性分析;结构整体和局部的自振特性分析;根据风洞试验结果对6个风向角(0°、30°、45°、90°、135°和180°)进行结构的风致动力响应分析.根据风振响应分析结果,基于响应的不同振动特点,提出将屋盖...     

大跨度多肢屋盖风荷载特性试验与模拟研究

我国现有建筑荷载规范对复杂大跨度结构的风荷载取值缺乏明确规定。因此,以成都某超大跨度多肢屋盖形式的航站楼为例,采用刚性测压模型风洞试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了该超大跨度屋盖在24个风向角下的风荷载分布规律,并对比验证了现有计算流体动力学方法对复杂大跨屋盖风荷载模拟的有效性和准确性。结果表明:大跨度多肢屋盖上表面基本为负压,各分肢由于外挑屋檐弧度大、转角多、顺风深度窄,屋盖负压值较其他区域更大,是此类屋盖设计时应重点加强的部位;270°为最不利风向角,由于迎风宽度较大,C指廊迎风向屋檐转角处平均风压系数达到-1.4。0°风向角下由于周边建筑高度较低,进深较短,尾流对试验段航站楼影响基本可以忽略;负风压系数负值沿屋檐外轮廓曲线变化呈两端大中间小的趋势。数值风洞对平均风压系数的模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

下击暴流下单立柱三面式广告牌风压特性研究∗

基于计算流体动力学理论,采用雷诺平均方法对下击暴流作用下单立柱三面式广告牌结构风压分布进行三维数值计算。首先,通过模拟下击暴流风场风剖面验证计算模型及参数准确性。然后,主要分析径向距离和风向角对广告牌风压分布特性的影响。数值结果表明：径向距离和风向角对广告牌风压分布特性有较强影响,当结构置于 R=0D_jet时,广告牌内外表面均承受较大压力;而 R=1D_jet时,广告牌各面板所受压力达到最大值,然后随径向距离逐渐增大其数值不断减小。随风向角不断增大,广告牌各面板前后叠加风压系数逐渐增大,广告牌迎风面风压系数分布由不对称逐渐转变为对称分布,受高压区域面积也随之逐渐增大。     

开敞式体育场屋盖结构风荷载特性及风振特性研究

以深圳石岩大树林公园开敞式体育场为例,进行开敞式屋盖结构风荷载特性、结构自振特性、风振响应特性、风振系数研究。首先,通过风洞试验,给出了24个不同方向角结构表面的风荷载分布,挑选较为不利的风向角。其次,进行了结构自振特性研究,分析了结构的刚度薄弱处和振动特点。然后,在对结构表面风荷载分析的基础上,选择6个典型的风向角进行结构的风致动力响应分析。最后,对动力分析结果进行统计分析,提出了可供设计参考的风振系数建议值,为今后工程人员设计开敞式屋盖结构提供参考。     

强风下不同高度低矮建筑间干扰效应研究

以往研究已经认识到相对高度对低矮平屋面建筑风荷载分布有着直接的影响,但双坡屋面房屋气动特性与之存在差别。为研究相对高度对双坡屋面建筑风荷载分布与风致干扰效应影响,以2016年莫兰蒂台风登陆东南沿海某地区实测强风数据为基础,采用计算流体动力学方法,对不同高度的两栋低矮建筑与该地区不规则低矮建筑群模型的屋面风荷载进行数值模拟,并研究其风致干扰效应。研究结果表明:对于两栋低矮建筑,当高度比小于2时,随着高度比的增加,受扰房屋背风屋面负风压系数绝对值减小。在迎风屋面上,当高度比大于1时屋面风压为负,且随着高度比的增加迎风屋面负风压系数也随之增大。对于此不规则低矮建筑群,60°为抗风最不利风向角。整体上,高度增加的房屋其屋面负风压系数出现增大,高度不变的房屋屋面负风压系数减小。     

某带钢塔高层建筑结构风致动力特性分析

采用计算流体动力学中的非稳态分析,对某带钢塔高层建筑工程所处的区域风场进行计算,获得了作用于其表面的时程风荷载,再将荷载施加到该结构的有限元模型上进行动力响应分析。再对不同钢塔基频与场地风向角等因素下的风致动力性能与位移响应能量密度谱进行分析。研究结果表明,当钢塔基频与主体结构基频相近时,钢塔尖部的位移值达到最大,鞭梢效应最为强烈;不同风向角时塔尖位移迥异,由位移响应极值确定的最不利风向角为135°工况。塔尖位移响应频谱特性对建筑群的互扰效应与风向角的变化较为敏感,并会对结构的振动响应产生影响。当旋涡脱落频率与结构频率接近时会引起钢塔较大的耦合振动,设计时应注意避开不利环境,减小风致动力响应。     

低矮建筑平均风压试验研究

通过一系列不同外形尺寸的单跨双坡低矮建筑刚性模型风洞测压试验,分析了不同风向角情况下结构表面的平均风压系数分布规律,重点考察了建筑结构外形参数和风场条件对低矮建筑主体承重结构风压系数的影响.     

周围建筑群对大跨穹顶屋盖的风致干扰效应研究∗

大跨穹顶屋盖的风荷载会受到周围建筑群的影响,然而目前的规范中给出的风荷载并没有考虑此影响因素, 本文研究了周围建筑群的建筑布置形式和建筑面积密度对大跨穹顶屋盖的风致干扰效应及其作用规律。运用计算流体力学(CFD)方法中的雷诺时均方法定常计算屋面平均风压,其中采用指数率风速剖面定义平均风速,采用重组化群 k?ε 湍流模型模拟湍流特性,并与风洞试验结果进行对比验证了数值模拟方法的准确性。通过在数值风洞中建立大跨穹顶结构与干扰建筑群的组合模型,考虑五种建筑布置形式、四种建筑面积密度和 0°~360°风向角, 分析穹顶屋面各区域在典型风向下和最不利风向下的风压系数和干扰因子,研究不同的建筑布置形式和建筑面积密度引起的干扰效应。结果表明,当来流上游和下游均有干扰建筑时屋面风压急剧缩减,当来流两侧有干扰建筑时屋面风压显著放大;考虑建筑布置形式,穹顶结构相对的两侧有干扰建筑是最不利布置形式,其中屋面的中心区域和紧邻干扰建筑的区域是干扰效应最剧烈的屋面区域,在结构设计中需要重点关注;干扰效应的程度与建筑面积密度成正比,屋面区域风压的“放大效应”和“缩减效应”均会随建筑面积密度的增大而加剧。本文的研究结果可为大跨穹顶结构的抗风设计提供依据。     

围护结构风荷载的尺寸折减效应研究

风荷载是控制围护结构设计的主要荷载,工程中常常直接采用围护结构上的测点风压极值的最大值进行围护结构设计.但作用在结构上的风压并不是完全相关的,这导致围护结构上不同部位的脉动风压产生的作用效果在一定程度上相互抵消,总的风荷载作用效果将随围护结构尺寸的增大而减小,这种现象称为围护结构风荷载的尺寸折减效应.本文简要总结和比较了目前研究围护结构风荷载尺寸折减效应的方法,介绍了相关研究成果.     

脱硝钢架表面体型系数及风致响应分析∗

火电厂中的脱硝钢架由于其高度较高、外形不规则,风荷载是其承受的主要荷载之一。为确保该类结构风荷载的正确评估,以某典型脱硝钢架为研究对象,基于流固耦合理论,利用数值风洞方法对脱硝钢架结构表面体型系数及风致响应进行了研究。根据刚度与质量等效的原则,提出了复杂脱硝钢架结构连续体模型的简化方法,模型简化前后的 1 阶自振周期与振型接近,可近似模拟原结构的平动情况。风向角的变化对迎风面及变截面处体型系数的影响较大,可以忽略风向角对侧面及顶面体型系数的影响。在 0°风向角工况下,结构的位移与应力极值均显著大于 90°风向角工况。因此,0°风向对于结构而言为相对较不利风向,在脱销钢架整体结构方向布置时应予以避免。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。