天文因素与中国大陆大震趋势研究

全面分析了20世纪发生于中国大陆的7.0级以上大地震与天文因素的关系,分析结果表明,20世纪中国大陆71%的大地震发生于月亮轨道(白道)与赤道交角变小的阶段,这说明月亮轨道运行至这一位置时将会是中国地震的活跃期.太阳活动及地球自转亦均与中国大地震的发生密切相关,太阳活动的谷年普遍都有大地震发生;地球自转速度加快时大地震多,20世纪地球自转速度加快时段发生的大地震占72%.经互相关分析发现,中国大陆大震活动滞后于太阳黑子相对数峰年约6年,滞后于地球自转最快年约12年.文中最后根据目前月亮白赤交角的变化,以及太阳活动与地球自转预测中国大陆下一个大地震活动幕可能开始于2006年,并有可能延续至2015年.在此期间内,中国大陆将会有多个M≥7.0的地震发生.     

20世纪中国强震与天体位置关系分析

本文全面分析了1900年至1985年发生于中国的7.0级以上大地震与天体位置的关系.分析结果表明,月回归与三天体一线等天文奇点有利于大地震的发生;本世纪93次7.0级以上大地震中68%发生于月亮轨道(白道)与赤道交角变小阶段,60%以上发生于月亮升交点黄经位于350°～210°期间.这说明月亮轨道运行至此将会是中国地震活跃期.文中还指出,各天体对地球的作用除引潮力之外,还有电磁力和宇宙辐射,而对于远离平衡态的地震区,任何微小的涨落都会被放大,从而诱发地震.     

月亮对中国大震影响初探

本文利用中国1903～1984年的地震资料,统计分析了中国M>6.8级以上大地震次数与白赤交点回归周期以及回归月之间的对应关系,并且统计分析了发震时震中月亮时角的分布规律,提出了“临震安全时区”的概念。同时还统计分析了大震与朔望月、近点月的关系。对于如何利用这些相关现象进行大震预报,也作了初步探讨。     

云南地震活跃期的大震加速律及对未来三年大震趋势预测

在太阳活动与地震相关性研究的基础上,指出了在周期性太阳活动的调控下,地震活动也显示出明显的周期性演化。地震除存在１１年周期外,还存在２２年周期,后者形成了本世纪以来地震的４个活跃期和４个平静期。云南在地震活跃期中,大震的时间间隔有愈来愈缩短的趋势,并按Ｔｘ＝ΔＴ１／２的规律演化。在一个活跃期中,最后一个大震的时间间隔比这个规律规定的时间间隔更短。如果某个大震的爆发时间与由这个规律预测的时间相差（一般是提前）５０％以上,就意味着本地震活跃期的大震从此结束。根据这个规律,对云南未来三年的大震趋势作了预测     

我国台湾发生7.6级地震

据我国地震台网测定,１９９９年９月２１日０１时４７分（北京时间）,在台湾省花莲西南（震中位于北纬２３．７°,东径１２１．１°）发生７．６级地震。５时４６分,该地附近又发生了７．０级地震。地震波及福建省、广东省、浙江省和江西省的部分地区,造成不同程度的震感影响。据台湾有关部门初步统计,“九二一”地震造成各项损失累计近１０００亿元台币。据台湾地震测报中心统计,９月２１日发生大地震后,至１０月８日,台湾发生大小余震共１１７９０次,其中有感余震１０９次。据统计,至１０月６日止,在地震中共有２２９５人死亡…     

由震洪相关回顾性预测1870年长江特大洪水

１８７０ 年长江特大洪水是多因叠加和强化的结果, 因之要预测它也要从各方面去研究。如特大洪水前的先行降雨和洪水所反映的大气环流状况及太阳活动情况等。本文把１９３１ 年、１９５４年、１９９１ 年长江大洪水前一年内缅甸北部有７ 级以上大震及１９９８ 年长江大洪前一年内缅北有６级左右震群集中活动的相关指标移用于１８７０ 年长江特大洪水前, 发现其前一年, 即１８６９ 年缅北亦有７ 级以上大震发生。震洪相关的物理机制是与地震活动有关的地下放气使孟加拉湾向长江流域输送的水气更多,如遇北方冷气团南下则降大雨致洪。另外,１８７０ 年长江洪水之所以比１９３１ 年、１９５４ 年、１９９１ 年和１９９８ 年长江洪水还大, 我们认为１８７０ 年４ 月１１ 日在长江上游山区有７ 级以上大震发生, 且震前有大雪发生, 是叠加在前述致洪因素上的另一因素。     

云南丽江发生7．0级地震

云南丽江发生７．０级地震据我国地震台网测定，１９９６年２月３日１９时１４分１８．１秒在北纬２７”１８’，东径１００“１３’，仲丽江、中甸交界一带发生了７．０级论震。截止到４月１５日０９时前，共发生地震４０１３次，其中１．０～１．９级１６４１次，２．０...     

1992年世界重要地震灾情及地震活动特征

1992年全世界重要灾情地震62条(其中中国34条),占全世界本年度5级以上地震总数的11％;因地震而死亡者3805人,受伤者约9860人。造成房屋破坏6～7万间。直接经济损失粗略估算国外17.5亿美元,国内1～2亿元人民币。1992年全世界7级以上大震20次,是1976年以来最高值。中国境内虽没有7级以上地震,但估计中国大陆震情呈增强趋势。     

鄞县ML3．9和ML4．7地震的震源参数

１９９３年２月２６日和１９９４年９月７日在浙江宁波鄞县发生了ＭＬ３．９和ＭＬ４．７地震。本文使用华东地区部分台站的地震记录资料给出了这两次地震的震源机制和震源参数。其主要结果是：该区的主压应力方向约为北东６００；３．９级地震的破裂方向为ＳＳＷ，破裂速度为２．７ｋｍ／ｓ，破裂尺度为０．３９ｋｍ；４．７级地震的破裂方向为ＮＷＷ，破裂速度为２．３ｋｍ／ｓ，破裂尺度为０．４１ｋｍ。最后讨论了破裂长度异常在强余震预报中的意义。     

2016年全球地震活动及灾害

一、2016年全球大震活动 2016年全球共发生6.0级以上地震110次,其中8.0级地震1次,7.0-7.9级地震16次.7.0级以上大震发生频率稍低于1900年以来18.3次年的平均水平,最大地震为11月13日新西兰8.0级地震.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.     

The need to look beyond the production and provision of relief seed: experiences from southern Sudan

Free distribution of seeds in selected areas of southern Sudan has been widespread as a way of increasing food security. Field research in areas targeted for seed relief found that farmer seed systems continue to meet the crop and varietal needs of farmers even following the 1998 famine. Donor investments in seed multiplication of improved sorghum have not been sustained due to a lack of effective demand for the improved seed beyond that created by the relief agencies. The article argues that rather than imposing outside solutions, whether through seed provisioning or seed production enterprises, greater attention needs to be given to building on the strengths of existing farmer systems and designing interventions to alleviate the weaknesses. The case is made to support dynamically the process of farmer experimentation through the informed introduction of new crops and varieties that can potentially reinforce the strength and diversity of local cropping systems.     

Social capital and food security in post-conflict rural Lira District,northern Uganda

While a strong relationship has been established between social capital and food security in the research literature, it is uncertain whether this holds in post-conflict situations. This study examines associations between social capital and food security in post-conflict Lira District, northern Uganda. Since factors affecting food security are complex, we explored the roles of households' characteristics in food security outcomes. Data were collected from March to July 2011 through face-to-face interviews with 221 heads of household in rural Lira. Using multinomial logistic regression, a strong positive association was identified between social capital and household food security. The study also found significant associations of food security with sex, education of household head, amount of cultivated land, and farm and home possessions. The results of this analysis can aid the design of food security programmes that empower poor people while targeting the most vulnerable groups, thereby promoting sustainable development in post-conflict communities.