城市地裂缝风险评价方法研究

随着人们应对灾害从过去的“被动救灾”走向现在的“主动预防”,风险管理成为防灾减灾领域一个热门话题。从危险性评价、易损性评价以及防灾减灾能力评价三个方面阐述了城市地裂缝风险评价内容,提出了城市地裂缝风险评价流程,探讨了城市地裂缝可接受风险水平。在机理分析的基础上给出了城市地裂缝危险性评价指标体系,根据城市用地类型开展易损性评价具有很好的可操作性。首次提出了城市地裂缝防灾减灾能力评价方法。     

社区防灾减灾资源评价体系探讨

社区是社会的细胞,是城市的基础组成部分,完善城市公共防灾减灾系统,必须从社区着手。通过对城市社区的分类介绍,对社区内常见公共防灾减灾资源进行了归纳分析,总结出社区防灾减灾资源与社区常见灾害事故的应对关系,构建了社区防灾减灾资源评价体系,并且利用层次分析法和专家打分,确立了各个评价指标的分值及权重系数,还对单项灾害防治资源进行评价打分,在此基础上提出了防灾减灾资源总体评价算法。     

基于ISM的区域综合减灾能力评价指标体系研究

分析了区域综合减灾能力的内涵,总结了国内外专家学者对各类减灾能力评价指标的研究进展,结合我国综合减灾工作实际情况,提出了评价区域综合减灾能力的5个一级指标,运用解释结构模型(ISM)定量论证了各指标体系之间的耦合性,证明了一级指标体系的科学性、全面性和综合性。通过对一级指标的细化提出了12个二级指标,考虑评价指标理论完整性的角度,提出了42个三级指标。在此基础上,考虑数据的可获取性,进一步凝练简化为20个三级指标,形成了适用于各类自然灾害、综合考虑灾害发展各个阶段、反映一个区域整体综合减灾能力的区域综合减灾能力评价指标体系。为评价区域综合减灾能力和综合减灾工作成效奠定了基础。     

城市灾害应急能力评价研究

城市灾害应急能力评价是城市灾害管理的重要内容，建立城市灾害应急能力评价体系对增强城市灾害管理能力和提高政府部门对灾害的应急响应能力有极其重要的意义。文章从系统理论的角度出发，运用层次分析法（AHP）和专家词查法合理地确定了各个评价指标的权重，建立起城市灾害应急能力评价模型。该方法将定量和定性相结合，很好地解决了城市应急能力的定量评价问题，同时，还可以克服主观随意性，从而提高对城市灾害应急能力评价的可靠性、准确性和客观性，为城市安全减灾提供科学依据。     

基于模糊综合评价的建筑综合防灾能力评估体系

建筑是城市综合防灾减灾的重点研究对象,建筑的综合防灾能力直接影响着人、城市乃至整个社会的安全。依据民用建筑可靠性鉴定标准和危险房屋鉴定标准,提出建立包括结构、设施和人员三个主要方面的建筑综合防灾能力评估指标体系,克服了以往单灾种评估的片面性和重复性,同时提出采用模糊综合评价法解决评价对象的复杂性及评价指标难以直接量化的问题。该项评估研究成果有助于业主和社会政府管理者全面掌握建筑的使用情况,并进行针对性防灾措施的制定和管理,同时为建筑的维修、改造和加固提供了参考依据。     

基于主成分分析的城市防洪减灾能力综合评价

选择北京、上海、广州、深圳、天津、重庆、武汉、成都、南京、杭州、沈阳、西安、郑州、哈尔滨、青岛、苏州、乌鲁木齐、石家庄、三亚、银川、济南等21座城市作为评价样本,选取17个指标构建了城市防洪减灾能力综合指标体系,采用主成分分析法提取了5个主成分因子,通过回归分析建立了城市防洪减灾能力主成分因子得分函数模型,对上述21座城市的防洪减灾能力进行了综合评价,并计算出各个城市的得分和排名,从而使客观衡量城市防洪减灾能力各主成分变量指标间的差距,进而找到城市防洪减灾能力较强和较弱的城市成为可能,可为确定城市防洪减灾管理对策措施提供参考。     

水库型滑坡灾害综合灾情评价模型研究

分析了滑坡事件的成灾机理,认为滑坡的灾害效应包含孕育灾害的自然环境、社会环境和自然-滑坡体-社会相互作用系统.在此基础上,将滑坡灾害综合灾情评价结构体系分为危险性评价、易损性评价、破坏损失评价、防灾减灾工程评价四个部分.针对水库型点源滑坡,建立了综合灾情评价的连续函数模型.     

基于空间数据的土地抗震适宜性综合评价模型研究

对城市系统进行抗震减灾的前提,应为识别土地这一特殊的承灾体(同时又为整个城市系统的共同承载体)所潜在的地震灾害的风险,即为以地震危险性为输入,结合土地的基本属性,进行土地抗震适宜性评价。在界定土地抗震适宜性评价的定义、作用、以及范畴的基础上,研究基于空间数据的土地抗震适宜性综合评价模型。该模型综合考虑了地震危险性、液化态势、土地等效剪切波速和地面稳定性因素。     

对中国减灾管理工作的思考与建议

本文在突出综合减灾及政府在减灾中的职能作用的基础上,针对现行存在问题,探讨了减灾管理的基本模式。并提出了尽快建立集“环保、减灾、安全”为一体的减灾机构。     

城市综合减灾服务体系建设方案设计初探

分析了建立城市综合减灾服务体系的必要性和可行性，提出了城市综合减灾服务体系的建设思路，为我国城市减灾中心的组建提供了总体设计方案。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。