Book Reviews

Warren, D.M.; Slikkerveer, L.J. and Brokensha, D.(ed.) The Cultural Dimension of Development. Indigenous Knowledge Systems
Alexander, D. Natural Disasters
Davis, J. and Lambert, R. Engineering in Emergencies: A Practical Guide for Relief Workers
Key, D. (ed.) Structures to Withstand Disasters     

Book Reviews

Hubbard, Michael Improving Food Security: A Guide for Rural Development Managers
Davies, Susanna Adaptable Livelihoods: Coping with Food Insecurity in the Malian Sahel
Allen, Tim (ed.) In Search of Cool Ground: War, Flight and Homecoming in North East Africa     

弹性波法测试火灾后混凝土动弹性模量应用研究

混凝土动弹性模量是混凝土构件在动荷载作用下应力与应变的比值,是混凝土建筑物承受动荷载(包括地震荷载、冲击、爆炸)作用及灾害影响(火灾、酸雨侵蚀等)后,分析结构力学特性的一个重要参数,同时也是评价混凝土耐久性安全性的一个关键指标.该文对比介绍了基于冲击弹性波的动弹性模量测试方法、原理,并给出相关验证实例及对比材料.通过对...     

非膨胀型防火涂料的等效热传导系数及其试验方法

热传导系数是表征非膨胀型防火涂料隔热性能最重要的参数,也是进行钢构件升温计算所必需的参数。非膨胀型防火涂料的热传导系数随温度升高有较大变化,采用常温下的热传导系数来计算钢构件在火灾下的温度将导致较大的误差。从工程应用角度,热传导系数采用一个常数可极大地简化计算,因此本文提出了等效热传导系数的概念及其试验方法。该方法基于非膨胀型防火涂料保护钢构件标准耐火试验,可综合反映涂料在火灾下的实际性能。试验与理论计算的对比表明,采用等效热传导系数可相当精确地模拟非膨胀型防火涂料保护钢构件在火灾下的升温。     

Unpacking the post‐Haiyan disaster resettlement narratives of young Filipino women informal settlers in Tacloban City,Philippines

Post‐disaster resettlement narratives encapsulate the complex mobile–spatial processes that are embedded in a post‐disaster context. The existing literature on disaster relocation and resettlement accords primacy to the logistical, practical, structural, and physical dimensions of residential transitioning. Building on this knowledge, this study conducted a spatial narrative inquiry to generate a link to mobile–spatial realities interspersed in diverse temporal trajectories. It did so by tracking the embodied rhythms of people and objects evoked through the retelling of post‐disaster resettlement stories by 12 young Filipino women informal settlers. The key findings are organised in three spatial narratives: ‘house near the sea'; ‘there at the bunkhouse'; and ‘here in Ridgeview'. These narratives are anchored in the overarching dimensions that underpin Filipino informal settlers’ experiences of (not) moving in and out of disaster resettlement areas. Lastly, the findings are explained in the light of the theoretical, empirical, and practical implications of disaster resettlement specific to informal settlers.     

DEBRIS FLOW IN WEST DEVELOPMENT

ＴｈｅｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆＣｈｉｎａ (ｏｒＷｅｓｔＣｈｉｎａ)ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ 1 2 ｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅｓ/ａｕｔｏｎｏｍｏｕｓｒｅ ｇｉｏｎｓ/ｍｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｉｔｉｅｓ:Ｑｉｎｇｈａｉ,Ｇａｎｓｕ ,Ｓｈａａｎｘｉ,Ｓｉｃｈｕａｎ ,Ｙｕｎｎａｎ ,Ｇｕｉｚｈｏｕ ,Ｘｉｎｊｉａｎｇ ,Ｔｉ ｂｅｔ ,Ｎｉｎｇｘｉａ ,Ｇｕａｎｇｘｉ,ＩｎｎｅｒＭｏｎｇｏｌｉａａｎｄＣｈｏｎｇｑｉｎｇ .ＳｉｎｃｅｔｈｅＰｌｅｉｓｔｏｃｅｎｅｏｆｔｈｅＱｕａｔｅｒ ｎａｒｙＰｅｒｉｏｄ ,ｔｈｅｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｗｅ…     

加筋高路堤稳定性评价的信息扩散模型

利用模糊信息优化处理的基本理论（模糊近似推论、信息扩散、信息集中），建立了加筋高路堤稳定性的分类及评价其指标的信息矩阵，获得了加筋土高路堤稳定性评价的信息扩散模型。通过对北张沟加筋高填路堤进行的稳定性分析，表明该模型能较全面地考虑加筋高路堤边坡稳定性的影响因素，评价结果合理。     

98‘嫩江,松花江流域特大洪水灾害及其对黑龙江省社会经济的影响

根据对１９９８年嫩江、松花江特大洪水的详细调查资料,分析了洪水形成过程和特点。并阐述了洪涝灾害对主要受灾区黑龙江省的国民经济和粮食生产、工业交通、水利设施和人民生活等方面的影响。     

Continue to blame it on the rain? Conceptualization of drought and failure of food systems in the Greater Horn of Africa

Food insecurity continues to be prevalent in parts of Africa. In December 2015, there were approximately 21.6 million food insecure people in the Horn and East Africa. Climate change is likely to exacerbate current volatility of agricultural production and lead to further food insecurity. Whilst the academic literature has acknowledged the complexity of food insecurity and systems, it is not clear to what extent this has been translated into practice. We argue that there is a tendency to explain complex failures of food systems as ‘droughts’, with insufficient attention paid to other drivers. We analyse humanitarian documents and climate outlook statements in Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia and assess how these are reflected in the humanitarian responses to food insecurity in the region by analysing the financing of humanitarian operations. Our findings indicate that the continued evolution in understanding the complex causes of food insecurity and attempts to move away from emergency relief to a more sophisticated approach has not translated into an observable change in humanitarian responses. The reasons behind this persistence of short-term relief, which is being justified with reference to climatic factors, mainly drought, would warrant further research into the decision-making process that triggers humanitarian responses.

List of abbreviations: ACF: Action Contre le Faim; DCM: Drought Cycle Management; DEC: Disaster Emergency Committee; ECHO: European Commission Humanitarian Office; EU: European Union; EWS: Early Warning System; FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization; FEWSNET: Famine Early Warning System Network; FSNAU: Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit; FTS: Financial Tracking Service; GHACOF: Greater Horn of Africa Climate Outlook Forum; GIEWS: Global Information and Early Warning System; IASC: Inter Agency Standing Committee; ICPAC: IGAD Climate Application and Prediction Centre; IFRC: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; IGAD: Inter-Governmental Authority on Development; IPCC: International Panel for Climate Change; LEWS: Livestock Early Warning System; ODI: Overseas Development Initiative; PASDEP: Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to Eradicate Poverty; PSNP: Productive Safety Net Programme; UNDRO: United Nations Disaster Relief Office; UNISDR: United Nations International; UN OCHA: United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; USAID: United States Agency for International Development; WFP: World Food Programme     

气象雷达新技术及其在防灾减灾中的应用

新型气象雷达在国外越来越多地应用于大型外场试验和业务探测网中,我国也将在灾害性天气监测网中引入新型气象雷达。简要介绍了气象雷达的发展历史和国内外发展现状,阐述了气象雷达探测新技术,包括双线偏振雷达、双(多)基地雷达、相控阵天气雷达技术、激光天气雷达技术、风廓线雷达等的探测原理及其在气象中的应用,这对于我国新型雷达的应用和根据实际需求选择雷达类型等具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。     

GIS技术在浙江地震速报中的应用

介绍了浙江省数字地震台网建设中GIS辅助地震速报的实现技术思路和实现方法。主要描述GIS技术的特点以及如何利用GIS实现地震速报,给出了详细的技术方案和主要的程序实现代码。对地震速报的精度和效率作了分析,并在实践工作中得以检验。最后对已开发程序的不足做了总结。     

城市防震问题初探

城市防震的首要问题是提高建筑物的抗震性,同时应考虑火灾、危险物品的溢泄等次生灾害问题.另一方面是科学有效地推进交通基础设施系统、通信系统、生命线设施系统、物资交流系统、城市开阔空间、防灾活动中心体系建设和推进现有市区的改造等.     

隧道结构健康监测系统与光纤传感技术

隧道安全关系到人类生命安全和社会经济活动,及时掌握隧道结构健康状态是确保隧道安全的重要前提。在详细分析结构健康监测的概念、系统组成和发展现状的基础上,结合隧道结构的具体特点,提出了隧道结构健康监测的定义,构建了一个集监测、诊断和状态评价为一体的隧道结构健康监测系统,重点介绍了光纤结构监测(SO-FO)、布拉格光纤光栅(FBG)和分布式光纤传感器(BOTDR)等3种光纤传感技术的基本原理、功能及其在隧道结构健康监测系统中的作用。有理由相信,以光纤传感技术为代表的新一代工程监测技术将为隧道结构健康监测系统的建立提供厚实的技术基础。     

重庆市的洪涝灾害管理

洪涝灾害是重庆市主要自然灾害之一,每年带来巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡,严重制约着重庆市社会、经济的可持续发展.本文在大量研究的基础上,分析了重庆市洪涝灾害的特点,总结了历年来的洪涝灾害及造成的损失,最后针对洪涝灾害的特点提出建立重庆市洪涝灾害管理系统,并对该系统作了详细分析.     

基于GIS的2.5维场地地震液化势概率评价

用具有概率意义的饱和砂土抗液化强度经验公式对2.5维工程场地进行了地震液化势概率评价,通过Kriging法对目标场地区域进行空间插值,可以对大区域工程场地的液化深度和液化范围进行分析评价;采用不规则三角网表面和四面体综合法共同描述地质体模型,在GIS的3维分析模块支持下建立了液化势可视化模型。研究表明:Kriging法通过已勘测点的土层地震液化势来估计未勘测点的土层地震液化势,能够较好地区划出场地地震液化势的空间分布特征,并对待估点进行预测;利用GIS的3维分析模块,实现2.5维场地地震液化势可视化模型的建立是一条有效的技术路线。     

九江5.7级地震建筑物安全鉴定

介绍了九江地震中瑞昌市和九江县教育系统、医疗卫生系统、生命线系统、劳教所等各类公共建筑和重要建筑安全鉴定工作的基本情况。基于现场调查得到的资料，论述了九江地区建筑物地震破坏的原因，并对这次地震现场建筑物安全鉴定工作进行了分析总结。指出震后现场建筑物安全鉴定是一项重要的地震应急工作，应予以充分重视。     

Women at risk: gender and AIDS in Africa

AIDS in Africa is a gender, development and rights issue involving power and differential access to resources. The risk situations for women in stressed development contexts of war, destabilisation and displacement, and the many contexts of transactional sex, are poorly understood by policy makers and the medical community. The dominant epidemiological paradigm has focused on female 'prostitutes' in a number of African cities. The limitations of this approach are discussed, as are the different contextualised meanings of sexual exchange. The importance of women's experience of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV and their perceptions of risk are stressed, as is the need for non-judgmental services linked to primary and comprehensive health care, and for sensitive, qualitative research. It is argued that all women who engage in unprotected penetrative sex are at risk. Most health promotion messages, however, construct an image of women as prostitutes ('Avoid prostitutes') or seek to mobilise women as carers and educators of families and communities.     

高温后钢管再生混凝土短柱的理论分析与试验研究

首先进行了高温后钢管再生混凝土轴压短柱的试验研究,在分析试验结果的基础上提出了高温后核心再生混凝土的应力一应变关系模型,模型考虑了再生粗骨料取代率和曾经历的最高温度的影响;然后采用数值方法对高温后钢管再生混凝土轴压短柱的荷栽一变形全过程关系曲线进行了计算分析,数值计算结果得到试验结果的验证;最后利用数值方法系统分析了再生粗骨料取代率、曾经历的最高温度和约束效应系数等参数对高温后钢管再生混凝土短柱轴压强度系数的影响,并提出了相应的简化计算公式,轴压承载力的简化计算结果与试验结果基本吻合。     

地震活动性的定量化及其在地震中短期预报中的应用

在分析描述地震活动性的各类参数的基础上,认为Ａｂ值可以较好地定量描述一个地区的地震活动增强和平静特征。本文使用１９７２～１９９６年期间华北地区地震资料进行Ａｂ值的空间扫描,研究中强以上地震前的中短期异常变化。结果表明在中短期阶段,半数震例的Ａｂ值中期异常区出现明显的缩小或消失,也有少量地震在临震前１～３个月再次出现明显增大。文中还就Ａｂ值进行中短期预报的有关问题进行了讨论。     

流体参数对埋地管道破坏的影响分析

在考虑流固耦合和断层活动作用的情况下,应用ADINA中流固耦合分析求解器ADINA-FSI,建立了埋地管道破坏分析的有限元模型,介绍了固体模型和流体模型的建模过程以及流固耦合计算过程、断层位移荷载加载和约束的实现以及模型参数选择等。依据计算结果,分析了管内介质及流速等参数对管道破坏的影响。管道内输送的介质密度和流速越大,管道越易破坏,故在埋地管道设计中应充分考虑管内介质的密度与流速。针对计算结果,提出了几点认识和建议。