膨胀土路基水毁灾害及其粗糙神经网络预测

通过对膨胀土地质灾害的总结，提出了膨胀土路基水毁灾害的分类分级方法，并根据常用的地质灾害预测办法，指出膨胀土路基水毁灾害的预测是一个典型的非线性问题，当考虑降雨、干旱等气候因素耦合影响时，宜进行危险性点评估。提出了采用粗糙神经网络对膨胀土路基水毁灾害进行评价和预测的方法，并运用粗糙集理论确定了该神经网络的结构。同时，以某膨胀土路基水毁大型模型试验的数据为例，进行了灾害预测，结果表明，将粗糙神经网络运用于膨胀土路基的水毁灾害预测是切实可行的。     

降雨作用下考虑膨胀推力的膨胀土边坡稳定性分析

为研究膨胀力作用下膨胀土边坡的稳定性,通过合理假设,在传统剩余滑坡推力法中引入膨胀力项,得出了适用于膨胀土边坡的滑坡稳定性系数计算公式。基于该公式对某膨胀土坡的离心模型降雨试验进行了模拟和计算,通过计算结果和试验结果的对比验证了该法的可行性;同时分析了膨胀力施加与否、不同裂隙分布位置和深度、不同降雨历时和降雨强度下膨胀土边坡的稳定性,得出了安全系数的变化规律。结果表明,降雨条件下考虑膨胀力时膨胀土边坡的安全系数相对于未考虑膨胀力时大幅下降,符合膨胀土边坡降雨破坏的实际情况;裂隙位于坡中时膨胀土边坡较裂隙位于坡顶时更危险;降雨强度和降雨历时也对膨胀土边坡的稳定性造成了影响,但超过一定程度时这种影响会受到限制。该方法为工程中膨胀土边坡稳定性的计算提供了参考。     

基于膨胀土蠕变试验的粘弹性模型对比研究

对广西南宁膨胀土进行了一系列室内压缩蠕变试验,得出了相应的蠕变曲线.运用K-H体模型和Bu体模型进行对比研究,确定了正常应力条件下非饱和南宁膨胀土的粘弹性模型和各流变常数,提出了正常应力条件下南宁膨胀土的本构方程及蠕变方程.为膨胀土工程设计和分析提供可靠的理论依据.     

温度作用下膨胀土的胀缩特性及微观机理北大核心CSCD

温度场作为外部环境要素场之一,对膨胀土的水-力学性质具有显著影响。为研究温度对膨胀土胀缩特性的影响规律及微观机理,以南宁膨胀土为对象,开展了不同温度(5~45℃)下膨胀土的浸水膨胀和失水收缩试验,结果表明膨胀土的胀缩特性具有显著的温度效应,其膨胀率随温度升高而增大,温度越高其增大效果越明显;收缩率随温度升高则呈现出先增大后减小的变化规律,存在临界温度“T_(c)=35℃”。在此基础上,基于不同温度(5~45℃)下的吸附结合水试验,从土-水作用角度阐释了膨胀土胀缩特性温度效应的微观机理;随着温度的升高,土中结合水量减小,水膜厚度变薄,从而引起两方面的结果:①土颗粒间的吸力减弱而斥力增加,宏观表现为土体的膨胀性增加;②土颗粒间距变小,促进了土颗粒骨架由松散状态向紧密状态转化,颗粒排列更紧密,收缩性增加,而达到一定温度后,水分蒸发时间较短,土-水作用加剧使得土体骨架没有充足的时间向紧密状态转化,是造成土体收缩性减小的主要原因。     

巷道及边坡工程中的膨胀岩灾害与防治

分析了膨胀岩的胀缩机理及影响因素,总结了近几年的理论研究成果。着重论述了巷道和边坡工程中的膨胀 岩所造成的灾害形式,通过分析诱发灾害的机理,有针对性地提出了一些防治措施。     

粉煤灰改良膨胀土的动强度试验研究

环境污染以及矿物资源的枯竭等因素强烈地激发了粉煤灰利用的研究和开发。粉煤灰改良作为地基的一种处理方法,越来越广泛地应用于公路路基的建设中。随着车辆速度的提高、车辆荷载的增加,动载对路基的影响引起人们的关注。本文以粉煤灰改良的膨胀土为研究对象,通过压实非饱和试件的动三轴试验,考察了粉煤灰掺入量确定的条件下,循环次数、动荷大小、围压等对土体动强度的影响。由试验结果绘出振次—轴向应变、动强度破坏振次关系曲线。结果表明:粉煤灰改良的非饱和膨胀土没有显著的屈服特征,可采用常规应变标准对应的振次作为破坏振次。     

宁淮高速公路膨胀土边坡生态土壤稳定剂土质改性试验研究

介绍了STW型生态土壤稳定剂对宁淮高速公路边坡膨胀土的胀缩性、水稳性、强度、抗冲刷性等的改性试验研究,并结合现场试验,分析了STW型生态土壤稳定剂用于膨胀土边坡坡面防护的效果。试验结果表明:STW型生态土壤稳定剂改性膨胀土的胀缩性,随着稳定剂掺量的增大而减小;改性土的水稳性,随着稳定剂稀释浓度的增大而增强;同时,改性土的强度得到显著提高,抗冲刷性能得到明显增强,具有显著的防治水土流失、促进表层固化、提高坡面稳定的效果。     

中国农业气象灾害的成因及其类型的研究

本文全面地分析了中国农业气象灾害的成因及其类型。指出在农业生产过程中,农业气象灾害是气候变量的波动性、不连续性的变化引起,既与天气异常密切相关,又与农业对象紧密联系。同时分析了中国主要农业气象灾害的地域分布、受害对象及其危害形式。     

南宁膨胀土加载-卸载试验及蠕变特性

利用固结仪对南宁膨胀土进行了一维加载-卸载实验,得到了加载-卸载条件下的应力应变关系。试验结果表明,土样加载或卸载时,以瞬时变形为主,其后随着时间的推移,迅速出现衰减蠕变或回弹变形,但最后仍然留下部分残余变形;含水率和应力水平越高,其塑性和流变特性越明显。根据压缩曲线和回弹曲线分析得到,膨胀土的变形由瞬时弹性变形、瞬时塑性变形,弹性滞后变形等组成。探索了膨胀土流变元件模型的组成形式,并通过拟合确定了相关的流变参数.所得结果可供膨胀土流变问题的进一步研究参考。     

大气作用下膨胀土地基的水分迁移与胀缩变形分析

运用土体渗流和蒸发理论,建立了大气-非饱和土相互作用模型;以现场观测的气象数据作为边界条件,进行了地基土中水分迁移的数值模拟,得到了大气作用下地基土体含水量的动态分布规律.计算结果表明,地基土中含水量变化幅度随深度增加而递减,3.5m深度以下土体的体积含水量基本不变,从而确定了南宁地区膨胀土地基的大气影响层深度为3.5...     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。