基于GIS的广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估

以自然灾害风险评估理论和方法为指导,遥感本底数据、气象数据、基础地理信息数据、社会经济数据为基础数据,构建广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估指标体系,采用层次分析及加权综合法建立农业暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估模型;借助GIS技术,计算广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性、防灾减灾能力及综合风险指数,并对广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害进行风险区划,采用相关分析法将广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害风险结果与广西历史暴雨洪涝灾情数据进行对比验证,研究结果表明,农业暴雨洪涝风险分布结果与洪涝灾情损失的空间分布基本吻合,南部沿海的风险性最强,西部风险性最小。     

基于多层感知器模型的区域滑坡敏感性评价研究——以四川低山丘陵区为例

以四川省低山丘陵区为研究区,基于滑坡编目数据,在深入分析研究区滑坡孕灾环境的基础上,选取坡度、地形起伏度、岩土类型和断裂构造等八类孕灾环境因子。通过融合确定性系数和多层感知器,提出CF-MLP模型,并对研究区滑坡的敏感性进行评价,计算得到的滑坡敏感性指数在ROC曲线中的线下面积为0.84,说明该模型预测结果对滑坡具有较好的识别作用;基于模型预测结果对研究区进行敏感性区划,共分为高敏感性、中敏感性和低敏感性三个区域,与历史滑坡的分布现状相一致。实践证明,CF-MLP模型在一定程度上解决了滑坡孕灾环境因子数据的合理量化问题,提高了多层感知器网络的收敛效果,有利于建立更为准确的滑坡敏感性分析模型。     

暴雨洪涝风险评估的GIS和空间化应用——以芜湖市为例

选用芜湖市81个自动观测站及其周边15个国家级气象台站的近50a的观测资料,以及陆地卫星(LANDSAT 5)遥感数据、行政区划资料、社会经济数据,采用数据空间化、专家打分法和加权综合法建立了暴雨洪涝灾害的致灾、孕灾、承灾和抗灾4个风险评价因子和模型,最后在GIS中得到了精细到街道/乡镇级别的暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估结果。结果表明:繁昌县(平铺、峨山、峨桥),南陵县(何湾),芜湖县(湾沚、红杨),无为县(昆山、严桥、太平),以及其他分散区域为暴雨洪涝低风险区;市辖区大部,鸠江区中部和无为县(无城、白茆),南陵县(籍山镇)以及其他分散区域为暴雨洪涝高风险区。研究解决了暴雨洪涝灾害风险难以精细化、定量化评估的部分问题。     

基于云模型的暴雨洪涝灾害风险分区评价

在自然灾害系统论及自然灾害风险评估理论基础上,利用宣城市17个水文站1970~2013年逐日降水资料,结合各县区社会经济数据、宣城市DEM数据和土地利用数据等,选取致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力4个因素及其下13个具体指标作为评价指标,构建了基于云模型的宣城市暴雨洪涝灾害风险评价模型,借助ArcGIS空间分析技术绘制了宣城市暴雨洪涝灾害风险综合指数图。暴雨风险较高的区域主要分布在宣城南部地区,包括泾县、旌德县、宁国市、宣州区和广德县南部地区,且暴雨洪涝灾害风险从南到北逐渐递减,暴雨洪涝灾害高风险区集中在山区、河网及人口密集区。     

泸水县滑坡孕灾环境因素敏感性研究

滑坡灾害的发生对社会经济及人民生命财产造成了重大损失,开展孕灾环境敏感性研究具有重要的意义。以滑坡灾害频发区——泸水县为研究对象,选取高程、坡度、坡向、道路、河流、岩土体类型、断裂带及土地利用8个因子,采用确定性系数概率模型分析滑坡易发敏感性,并通过敏感性指数模型分析各个因子对滑坡灾害发生的影响程度,确定有利于滑坡发生的条件,绘制了泸水县区域内滑坡敏感性分区图。结果表明:中等及以上级别的敏感区域内发生的滑坡灾害数量占总数的92.36%,滑坡灾害与孕灾环境敏感性分析具有较好的吻合性;分析结果对泸水县滑坡防治有一定的借鉴作用。     

洪涝灾害危险性评估方法研究

为改进洪涝灾害危险性评估方法精度,利用洪涝灾害前期土壤湿度和未来24 h降雨预测数据作为致灾因子,结合河湖网络、地形和土地利用类型等孕灾因子,基于层次分析方法确定指标权重,研究了洪涝灾害评估方法中致灾因子评估指标的作用,以2013年8月中旬松花江流域洪涝灾害为例,利用土壤湿度和前3 d降雨量数据两种不同因子危险性评估方法结果比较,以及风云气象卫星洪涝灾害监测结果对危险性评估结果的验证,表明了利用洪涝灾害前期土壤湿度和未来24 h降雨预测数据作为致灾因子得到的危险性评估结果与实际灾情吻合效果较好,验证了方法的有效性。     

基于模糊概率的阿坝州公路洪灾孕灾环境分区

公路洪灾孕灾环境的合理分区可从理论上为公路洪灾的防治工作提供指导。以四川阿坝州为研究对象,根据公路洪灾致灾原理,遴选出公路沿线历史地质灾害发育、地貌条件、岩土体性质、年均降雨量、人口密度、植被覆盖度和地质构造7个因子,依据专家系统分为4级后赋值构成评价指标体系。综合层次分析法和专家效度法得到各指标的相对权重,并结合模糊理论给出模糊权重。采用模糊概率综合评价模型将公路洪灾孕灾环境分成低易发区、中易发区、高易发区和危险区4个危险等级。分区结果显示:阿坝州公路洪灾孕灾环境发展较为充分,以县为单位分成了高易发区、中易发区和低易发区,分别占全州面积的38.1%、39.4%和22.5%,研究成果对于该区公路洪灾的防治具有积极意义。     

试论洞庭湖区的洪涝灾害及其减灾对策

洞庭湖区频繁而严重的洪涝灾害是其孕灾环境的易灾性及承灾体较低的承灾能力共同决定的．减轻洞庭湖区的洪涝灾害应实行“治江、控制四水与洞庭湖本身治理”三位一体的综合整治战略．     

基于VIKOR方法的广东省城市洪涝灾害韧性评估

在全球变暖和城市化的共同影响下，城市洪涝灾害频发，韧性评估是城市灾害风险管理的关键环节。在综合考虑经济、社会、环境、管理四个维度的基础上，选取15个城市洪涝灾害韧性评估指标，采用熵权法和VIKOR方法构建评估模型，对广东省21个地级市的洪涝灾害韧性进行评估。结果表明：广东省洪涝灾害韧性等级分布主要从珠江口两岸城市向四周降低，韧性等级最高的为深圳市，韧性等级最低的为清远市；灾害韧性指数在空间分布上存在显著集聚，其中高-高聚类的城市分布在珠三角地区，而低-低聚类的城市分布在粤北地区；从灾害韧性在灾前、灾中和灾后的变化情况来看，深圳市、清远市、韶关市和揭阳市的变化幅度最小。根据城市灾害韧性敏感性分析提出优化建议，研究结果可以推动城市韧性水平建设。     

承灾体脆弱性评估指标的最优格网化方法——以淮河干流区暴雨洪涝灾害为例

选取淮河干流区基于社会经济数据的9种脆弱性指标,构建了暴雨洪涝灾害承灾体脆弱性评估体系,运用Arc GIS与Mat Lab软件实现面积权重法、面积占优法、中心点法和长度占优法对各脆弱性评估指标的格网化表达;利用熵值法改进的层次分析法对各指标赋值并进行4种算法下的脆弱性评估。结果表明:(1)面积权重法是单指标格网化过程中的最优算法,格网化结果与源数据间的均方根误差最小。(2)4种算法得到的格网化结果均无面积损失,面积权重法对所得评估结果的极值有一定程度的削弱作用,所得脆弱性评估结果在空间分布上基本与实际灾损情况一致。(3)淮河干流区暴雨洪涝灾害承灾体脆弱性高值区域主要分布在中部,中高值区域主要沿高值区的两侧向东西扩展,低值区主要分布在西南和东北两角。     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.     

Where the exception confirms the rule: The cyclones of 1982-1983 in French Polynesia

The island groups of French Polynesia, which had not experienced any really devastating cyclones since the beginning of the century, were hard hit several times between December 1982 and April 1983. This paper reviews the cost of damage from these cyclones and shows how lowered public awareness of the hazard in a low-frequency area combined with the special economic conditions prevailing in the Territory to make the total cost much higher than it need have been. Ways and means of rehabilitation are analyzed. The development of the thermal imbalance in the Pacific, which appears to have triggered this series of natural disasters, only seemingly exceptional, is briefly discussed.     

Development of urban planning guidelines for improving emergency response capacities in seismic areas of Iran

This paper presents the results of research carried out to improve emergency response activities in earthquake-prone areas of Iran. The research concentrated on emergency response operations, emergency medical care, emergency transportation, and evacuation—the most important issues after an earthquake with regard to saving the lives of victims. For each topic, some guidelines and criteria are presented for enhancing emergency response activities, based on evaluations of experience of strong earthquakes that have occurred over the past two decades in Iran, notably Manjil (1990), Bam (2003), Firouz Abad-Kojour (2004), Zarand (2005) and Broujerd (2006). These guidelines and criteria are applicable to other national contexts, especially countries with similar seismic and social conditions as Iran. The results of this study should be incorporated into comprehensive plans to ensure sustainable development or reconstruction of cities as well as to augment the efficiency of emergency response after an earthquake.     

Public Nutrition from an Approach to a Discipline: Concern's Nutrition Case Studies in Complex Emergencies

The Public Nutrition approach, like that of Public Health, is context specific. It places an emphasis on populations rather than individuals and is inter-disciplinary in nature. Both approaches seek to understand the complex aetiology of a clinical outcome such as malnutrition within the widest possible framework. Public Nutrition uses the UNICEF conceptual framework and adapts and expands it. The authors of this article argue – through the examination of a number of case studies taken from the work of Concern Worldwide (hereafter referred to as Concern) in southern Sudan, Rwanda, Angola, Tanzania and DRC – that there are two critical constituents of the Public Nutrition approach. These are: a contextual analysis (including the use of surveillance information for programme design and advocacy) and community involvement at all stages of the project cycle. Some of the key obstacles to the adoption of the Public Nutrition approach are identified by illustrating two practical programme settings. For the Public Nutrition approach to be more widely used, the authors recommend a number of key strategies including the further dissemination of case studies and the clarification of the scope and boundaries of the approach. These strategies will enable Public Nutrition to evolve both as a practical programme framework as well as an academic discipline.     

Natural disasters in Australia

The history of natural hazards in Australia and their physical, economic and social consequences are discussed in this paper. The lack of any national programme for hazard mitigation is identified, alongside an overview of Australia as a country where major disasters are accepted as a part of everyday life.     

Vested Interest theory and disaster preparedness

Three studies were designed to extend a combination of vested interest theory (VI) and the extended parallel process model of fear appeals (EPPM) to provide formative research for creating more effective disaster preparedness social action campaigns. The aim was to develop an effective VI scale for assessing individual awareness and ‘vestedness’ relevant to disaster preparedness. Typical preparedness behaviours are discussed with emphasis on earthquakes and tornados in particular. Brief overviews of VI and the EPPM are offered, and findings are presented from three studies (one dealing with earthquakes, and two with tornados) conducted to determine the factor structure of the key VI components involved, and to develop and test subscales derived from the two theories. The paper finishes with a discussion of future research needs and suggestions on how the new subscales may be applied in the design and execution of more effective disaster preparedness campaigns.