紫茎泽兰的危害及其综合利用进展分析

紫茎泽兰是一种恶性有毒杂草,它在云南泛滥成灾,已经严重阻碍了畜牧业、农业、林业等的发展。该文对紫茎泽兰在饲料和肥料的开发、建材、中药材利用及其植物病虫害抑制等方面的综合利用进行了综述,并重点从能源植物开发利用方面作了探究。     

Women at risk: gender and AIDS in Africa

AIDS in Africa is a gender, development and rights issue involving power and differential access to resources. The risk situations for women in stressed development contexts of war, destabilisation and displacement, and the many contexts of transactional sex, are poorly understood by policy makers and the medical community. The dominant epidemiological paradigm has focused on female 'prostitutes' in a number of African cities. The limitations of this approach are discussed, as are the different contextualised meanings of sexual exchange. The importance of women's experience of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV and their perceptions of risk are stressed, as is the need for non-judgmental services linked to primary and comprehensive health care, and for sensitive, qualitative research. It is argued that all women who engage in unprotected penetrative sex are at risk. Most health promotion messages, however, construct an image of women as prostitutes ('Avoid prostitutes') or seek to mobilise women as carers and educators of families and communities.     

Integrating disaster risk reduction in national development planning: experience and challenges of Jamaica

It is generally recognised by the disaster risk management and development communities that disasters have a negative impact on development, and indeed can set back development by years. This realisation led to a new paradigm for the management of hazards and their impacts, namely an integrated approach which emphasises disaster risk reduction being incorporated into national development planning. Awareness, however, does not necessarily translate into implementation. ‘Reduce the underlying risk factors’, Priority for Action 4 of The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015, reported the lowest average score for progress of the five priority areas. Challenges to progress, as reported by Governments included inappropriate development practices, high levels of poverty and other factors which increase vulnerability. Various authors have recognised the difficulty of consistently and successfully integrating disaster risk reduction into development planning. This integration is particularly challenging for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) which face high exposure to hazards, vulnerable populations and limited resources, often both human and financial. The efforts of Jamaica, a Caribbean SIDS, at integrating disaster risk reduction into national development, and some factors which proved to be important in making progress are presented here. This retrospective paper is written from the perspective of a participant observer and traces developments in disaster risk management over three decades, 1980–2010. Integration and inclusiveness, use of quantitative methods and application of risk assessments are identified as being important in gaining acceptance for disaster risk reduction.     

Climate change and disaster management

Climate change, although a natural phenomenon, is accelerated by human activities. Disaster policy response to climate change is dependent on a number of factors, such as readiness to accept the reality of climate change, institutions and capacity, as well as willingness to embed climate change risk assessment and management in development strategies. These conditions do not yet exist universally. A focus that neglects to enhance capacity-building and resilience as a prerequisite for managing climate change risks will, in all likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to those risks. Reducing vulnerability is a key aspect of reducing climate change risk. To do so requires a new approach to climate change risk and a change in institutional structures and relationships. A focus on development that neglects to enhance governance and resilience as a prerequisite for managing climate change risks will, in all likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to those risks.     

顺层滑坡的发育环境及分布特征

顺层坡是山区铁路、公路和水利水电工程建设中常见的一类斜坡，也是极易失稳滑动的一类斜坡，其稳定性及其影响因素一直是工程技术人员关心的问题。在现场勘测和调查的基础上，对涪陵市至酉阳县龙潭镇渝怀铁路沿线顺层滑坡的发育环境及其分布特征进行了系统的统计分析，结果表明：岩层中的软弱夹层、构造变动时形成的层间错动面及因河流切割而形成的有效临空面是顺层滑坡发育的基本条件；暴雨是斜坡滑动的重要诱发因素；滑坡发育程度随坡高的增大而增大，随岩层走向与斜坡临空面走向间夹角的增大而减小，同时具有凸形坡大于直线坡而直线坡大于凹形坡的规律。     

成都市生态环境与社会经济协调发展分析

以成都市为研究区域,采用主成分分析法(PCA)确定选取的生态环境与社会经济各项指标的权重,在此基础上建立可持续发展模型,对该区域生态环境与社会经济的协调发展度进行了分析。分析结果表明:成都市生态环境与社会经济之间属于协调发展类环境滞后型,且2001~2004年协调发展值逐年下降,可持续发展情况呈下降趋势。说明成都市在发展经济的同时,必须进一步增加环保投资,加强生态环境建设,还应将循环经济理论应用到区域规划中,调整产业结构,促进生态工业、生态社会、生态服务业等的建设,减少污染物的产生,实现环境、经济的"双赢",做到真正的可持续发展。     

Conflict, the Continuum and Chronic Emergencies: A Critical Analysis of the Scope for Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development Planning in Sudan

The concept of the ‘relief-to-development continuum’ has been the subject of renewed interest in recent years. Concerned by the rise in relief budgets over the past decade and the absolute fall in development aid resources, support has been growing for the concept of developmental relief. In the context of complex political emergencies, it has been argued further that as effective development aid can reduce vulnerability to the impact of natural hazards, so it might also be used to contribute to a process of conflict prevention. In this way, the concept of the relief-development continuum has become entwined with broader discussions about the contribution of official development assistance to conflict management. Drawing on a Review of Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS), this paper cautions against uncritical application of the concept of the continuum in complex political emergencies, and of rehabilitation in particular, in the current Sudanese context. It argues that in order to move legitimately from relief aid programming to development aid programming, three fundamental conditions must be in place: first, a minimum level of security, respect for human rights and humanitarian access. Second, empirical evidence from the field needs to demonstrate that the emergency is over. Finally, moving from relief to development aid programming is contingent on donor governments accepting the legitimacy of national governmental structures and of the rebel movements. In other words, for donor governments, moving along the continuum is in significant part determined by foreign policy considerations, not only technical ones. Consideration needs to be given to the actual and perceived legitimation of the different movements that a move to rehabilitation might be seen to imply. The paper argues that none of these conditions had been satisfied in Sudan by mid-1997. Instead of a process of normalisation paving the way to long-term development, the current situation in Sudan is better described as a chronic political emergency. In such a context, uncritical pursuit of developmental strategies may negatively affect the welfare of conflict-affected populations.     

用GIS与虚拟现实技术模拟火灾过程 --应用和展望

信息技术的发展已使得用计算机来模拟灾害过程及进行指挥救援成为可能。通过对国内外文献的分析，总结了GIS和虚拟现实技术在当前火灾模拟与控制方面的应用以及二者集成应用于火灾科学研究的可行性，并在此基础上提出了建筑火灾及人员疏散模拟系统的设计框架。该系统可针对现有和新建建筑，研究火灾发展及其可能对结构造成的影响，并进行人员疏散模拟与火灾危险性分析。     

Bridging the sanitation gap between disaster relief and development

By interpreting disasters as opportunities to initiate the fulfilment of development needs, realise the vulnerability of the affected community and environment, and extend the legacy of relief funds and effort, this paper builds upon the concept linking relief, rehabilitation and development (LRRD) in the sanitation sector. It aims to use a composite of case studies to devise a framework for a semi‐hypothetical scenario to identify critical components and generic processes for a LRRD action plan. The scenario is based on a latrine wetland sanitation system in a Muslim community. Several sub‐frameworks are developed: (i) latrine design; (ii) assessment of human waste treatment; (iii) connective sanitation promotion strategy; and (iv) ecological systems and environmental services for sanitation and development. This scenario illustrates the complex issues involved in LRRD in sanitation work and provides technical notes and references for a legacy plan for disaster relief and development.     

我国海岸带灾害成因分析及减灾对策

近年来海岸带灾害越来越成为制约海岸带－我国最重要的经济带社会、经济和环境可持续发展的重要因素。本文在全球变化和人类活动影响的背景下，分析探讨了我国海岸带灾害的基本成因，并提出了相应的概念性减灾对策框架，海岸带生态环境的脆弱性，全球变化（相对海平面变化、气候异常）和人类活动是导致我国海岸带灾害的3个主要方面。据此，认为减灾的关键在于合理规范人类行为，保护和改善本已十分脆弱的海岸带生态环境，使人与自然界和谐相处；对于全球变化诱发的灾害，则力求基于科学认识与预测，在海岸带开发中合理规划建设，做到未雨绸缪，实现海岸带社会经济可持续发展。     

城市灾害易损性及其评价指标

城市化的加速使城市成为国民经济和社会发展的重要区域,同时灾害给城市发展造成了巨大的损失。通过分析易损性的维度和时空性,并在总结多因子复合函数方法、模糊综合评价方法、数据包络分析方法等易损性研究方法的基础上,结合复杂的城市系统的内部特征,从人口易损性、经济易损性、社会易损性和生态环境易损性4个方面建立适合城市灾害易损性评价的框架;探讨了包括人口迁入率和经济密度等11个城市灾害易损性指标体系。最后指出城市灾害易损性研究对城市可持续发展有重要意义。     

Ocean Disaster Reduction and Sustainable Development in the Region around Bohai Sea

1IntroductionBohai is the only inland sea in China.It has the highest resource density of all the fourcontinental seas in China.Since the end of the1 970 's,the marine economy around Bohai has seengreat development and the growth rate of the marine industry is up to 2 0 % .It is much higherthan the growth rate of the GDP of this region.The marine economy has greatly contributed tothe development of the economy and society around Bohai.However,since Bohai is an inlandsea,it has the natural …     

海河流域水环境危机和适度恢复对策的探讨

20世纪50年代以来,海河流域水资源短缺和水环境恶化问题越来越突出。河道断流,湿地萎缩,地下水大量超采,水污染和水土流失加剧,流域水环境已经恶化到十分危险的境地。回顾、总结流域水资源开发利用的历史可以清楚地看出,经济社会发展大大超过了水资源的承载能力,是海河流域水生态环境恶化的根本原因。本文认为,改善和恢复水环境,必须以供定需,以水定发展,根据流域水资源条件确定产业结构、经济规模和发展方向,努力实现人与自然的和谐相处,以水资源的可持续利用保障经济社会的可持续发展。     

温州市区"地基污染"灾害分析与防治对策

温州市区软土含水量高,压缩性大,90%以上的建筑物基础为桩基,由于市区旧城改造的加快,同一地块会多次施工建筑物,相应桩基的重复使用会造成"地基污染"灾害.该项人类诱发的地质灾害目前往往被人们所忽视,但从长期发展的角度考虑,却是一个重要的问题,围绕这个问题进行了思考、分析和探索,并提出了相应的防治对策.     

煤矿区地质环境灾害现状、发展趋势及对策研究…

随着煤炭资源的开发，占用土地，“三废”污染、地面变形与沉降、矿井突水等地质环境灾害问题日益突出，致使地质环境质量下降，影响着社会经济持续健康发展。本文用环境地质学的观点，论述了我国煤矿区地质环境灾害现状与发展趋势，并提出了防治地质环境灾害的对策与建议。     

韧性理论视角下贫困村灾后恢复重建与灾害风险管理刍议

韧性理论引入灾害风险管理领域,为世界防灾减灾实践提供了新理念,并在国内外韧性城市社区建设中得到广泛应用,但针对乡村地区,尤其是高脆弱性的贫困村韧性社区建设的研究还较为鲜见。该文以韧性理论为基础,结合乡村振兴战略规划,通过对贫困村社会生态系统特征的分析,探讨了新时期我国贫困村灾后恢复重建与灾害风险管理发展方向及特点。研究发现:贫困村不仅产业经济落后,而且还具有自然环境复杂、基础设建设滞后、社会公益设施匮乏、教育水平较低、自然灾害频发等特点。这类灾害多发区与贫困人口聚集区在空间上的叠加,成为我国社会生态系统高脆弱性地区,面临着严峻的防灾减灾与扶贫开发的双重挑战;基于韧性理论视角,通过构建贫困村适灾韧性系统,开展贫困村社区韧性综合评价,调整贫困村灾后恢复重建规划编制理念等,以推动贫困村灾后恢复重建的转型;在此基础上,结合贫困村社会生态系统特点,以建立健全贫困村灾害风险管理机制、探究提升贫困村适灾韧性社区建设的新途径、协同灾害管理与乡村振兴发展目标、开展灾区恢复重建动态监测与后效评价等政策举措为抓手,深化贫困村灾害风险管理实践,提升贫困地区可持续发展能力。     

Environmental degradation and political constraints in ethiopia

The article begins by outlining the extent and origins of environmental degradation in northern Ethiopia. Soil conservation and related environmental rehabilitation measures adopted by the Ministry of Agriculture, with donor assistance, are outlined and shown to be inadequate to reverse the trend of environmental degradation. Their scope and financing are too limited, there are too few immediate production returns for the peasants, and the conventional 'top-down' implementation of the measures means that peasants participate in rehabilitation programmes as paid workers (food-for-work) rather than as responsible landowners. The post-revolutionary government has continued the centralising and state-building policies of its predecessors, substituting the state for feudal lords as the appropriator of peasant production and labour. The wars in Eritrea and Tigray consume the lion's share of the state's resources and development programmes have become increasingly extractive (procurement of grain at low prices, labour campaigns, etc.) and penetrative (relocation of population, collectivisation of agriculture, etc). The problem of land degradation is ultimately a political one: how to find a political formula within which efficient development administration can be combined with power sharing and cultural pluralism.     

我国部分省市初中生防灾素养调查研究

为了解我国初中生防灾素养水平,找出制约其防灾素养提升的关键因素,总结一般问题,并提出相应策略,分别选取了经济发展程度相对较高的北京、上海、天津、广东、福建及黑龙江6个省市的初中各年级学生作为调查对象,回收有效问卷7 313份(发放10 000份)。调查发现,我国初中生防灾素养总体水平偏低,初中生大多具有正向积极的防灾态度,防灾态度维度得分高于防灾技能,防灾知识维度最低。但这只能看作全国较高水平,而不能看作一般水平,真实情况可能更令人堪忧。针对此情况,提出要针对学生年龄及心理特点开展课程开发相关研究,以期促进灾害教育的开展与学生防灾素养的提升。     

A Measure of Uncertainty: The Nature of Vulnerability and Its Relationship to Malnutrition

Terms such as 'vulnerability' and 'insecurity' are used widely in the general nutrition literature as well as in work on humanitarian response. Yet these words are used rather loosely. This paper argues that more clarity in their usage would benefit those seeking a bridge between development and humanitarian problems. Since vulnerability is not fully coincident with malnutrition, poverty or other conventional indices of human deprivation, public action must be based on a better understanding of the nature of crises and human uncertainty beyond physiological and nutritional outcomes. More attention is needed to be paid to the context-specific nature of risks, the capacity of households to manage such risks and the potential for public action to bolster indigenous capacity through targeted development investments, not just relief.