基于WebGIS的城市泥石流数字减灾系统建立及其应用

基于WEBGIS的城市泥石流数字减灾系统是实现泥石流非工程减灾的重要措施，依托信息技术和通讯技术进行城市泥石流数字减灾WEBGIS系统的研究与设计，对城市泥石流的减灾与防治具有重要的应用价值和现实意义。本系统包括城市环境信息、城市经济信息、泥石流基础信息、泥石流灾害评价、泥石流综合防灾规划、相关论文著作及软件与数据下载七个功能模块，实现了基础信息管理、灾害评价、防灾规划和信息服务等泥石流数字防灾减灾功能，系统依托ARCIMS、JAVA、ARCXML技术进行设计与开发，并在云南东川城区得到了较好的应用，实现了系统本阶段设计目标，表明WebGIS在城市泥石流防减灾方面广具应用前景。     

基于WEBGIS的地震灾情快速评估系统研究

快速进行地震灾情评估对地震应急响应与救援工作具有重要意义。鉴于当前GIS在地震灾情快速评估中数据利用程度低、难于管理与共享、可互操作性差的不足,利用WEBGIS的基本框架及主要技术优势,构建了基于WEBGIS的地震灾情快速评估系统,提出了系统的设计思想、体系结构和功能结构。采用ArcGISServer作为系统的框架平台,结合ASP.NET技术,实现了信息查询、地震影响场、损失评估和应急准备的相应功能模块,极大提高了地震应急的信息化水平。     

泥石流灾害信息共享的方法与实现

对泥石流信息进行广泛收集，科学分类和编码，建设泥石流信息数据库，利用现代信息技术建立数据接口与Internet连接，提供网络信息检索和查询服务是实现泥石流灾害信息共享的最佳方法。本文提出了实现泥石流灾害信息共享的方案。     

东川城区泥石流数字减灾系统的开发

建立城镇泥石流数字减灾系统是预防和减轻泥石流灾害的重要非工程措施；东川区是我国及世界泥石流高发地区，城区建立在5条泥石流沟的堆积扇上，该城区泥石流数字减灾系统的建立对于该区域及其它类似地区都有借鉴意义。泥石流数字减灾系统采用了本地C／S系统与基于WEBGIS的B／S双体系结构模式，可以同时满足本地数据分析决策与INTERNET信息处理的需求。应用软件工程的原理，经过系统设计、数据分析、模型库与方法库建设、程序开发、系统调试和系统运行等6个阶段，最后实现了东川城区泥石流数字减灾系统。本地系统分为8个模块，采用AVENUE进行开发；WEBGIS系统分为7个部分，基于ARCIMS、JAVA及DREAMWEAVER进行开发。数字减灾系统在东川城区泥石流防灾中得到了应用，实践表明系统的设计及开发可行，满足了当前泥石流减灾的实际需要。     

基于WEBGIS的地震空间减灾信息化平台建设研究

地震已成为威胁人类生命、财产和社会经济发展最严重的自然灾害之一。针对当前地震应急减灾系统灾害信息获取时效性差、自动化和定量化程度低及信息集成共享等方面的不足,通过收集、整理地震灾害时空信息,结合灾区基础地理、多源遥感卫星影像及动态灾情信息,利用面向对象及主题的数据模型设计在线的地震应急减灾时空一体化数据库;提出了构建基于WEBGIS和空间技术的地震减灾信息化平台的总体设计架构、技术体系及功能模块;开发了平台原型系统,初步形成了地震灾害动态监测、灾害评估、灾情信息实时共享以及应急减灾辅助决策的一体化产品,为提高我国地震灾害应急减灾水平提供了借鉴作用。     

基于WEBGIS的城市建筑物震害评估方法研究

城市是人口高度密集且财富集中的地区,一旦发生地震,城市遭受的破坏和打击是巨大的。由于地震造成损失的主要原因是建筑物的倒塌及破坏,因此通过开发基于WEBGIS的城市建筑物震害预测信息系统,对城市建筑物震害的损失估计有着十分重大的意义。利用WEBGIS网络化空间分析技术,结合城市区域特征分区易损性模型,同时采用综合系数评价方法,对震时城市内的钢混、砖混、砖木、石砌、土木等五类结构进行了易损性计算,最后得出了各类建筑物破坏的严重程度以及由此造成的损失,为震后应急指挥管理提供了指导意见。最后结合在福建省地震局地震灾情快速评估系统中的实际应用,说明该方法的实用性和有效性。     

广州市部分城区震害预测与信息服务系统构建

广州市部分城区震害预测与信息服务系统,是在原广州市震害预测工作成果的基础上,对工作区内所有数据进行了重新调查更新,并建设新的系统。针对用户的不同需求,对系统进行整合开发,将之集成在多元平台之上,使其可广泛使用于电脑、移动设备终端(手机、平板电脑等)以及其他网络平台,系统操作简单灵活,实现了为用户提供更为便捷、准确、实用的地震信息服务。     

地质灾害防治监测信息工程数据运筹技术

论述了监测信息工程在地质灾害防治中的作用和地位，重点就监测信息工程建设中若干高新数据库技术的应用问题进行了探讨。根据国际上新出现的数据仓库与数据集市的概念，提出了数据运筹技术的监测信息工程，在地质灾害预测与防治、环境保护与监测、地质工程安全监控等领域中有着广泛的应用前景。     

全球海洋环境观测数据(ARGO)及ARGOGIS系统

ARGO海洋环境观测数据对海洋环境保护和海洋气候灾害预防十分重要,但有关ARGO数据分析资料和处理软件严重缺乏.介绍了覆盖全球的卫星海洋环境实时观测和海洋现场测量ARGO数据的格式、记录方法及浮标工作方式,分析了ARGO数据的特征和空间三维、时空变化等特性,提出了一个实用的基于大型网络数据库Oracle的ARGO数据优化存储模型,着重讨论了海量ARGO数据的高效存储访问和多源多维时空数据处理,并利用当前GIS和遥感领域的前沿技术,采用全组件式模块化方式,开发出了我国自主版权的面向海洋环境和气象灾害服务及应用的ARGO数据处理系统--ARGOGIS系统.     

MS SQL SERVER复制技术在地震前兆数据集成中的应用

基于WINDOWS NT 网络操作系统的MS SQL SERVER复制环境，分析并探讨了SQL SERVER复制技术、 复制模块的参数设置及其在地震前兆数据集成中的应用。 通过实例说明了SQL SERVER复制技术在地震前兆数据集成中应用的可行性。 同时，对复制过程中常出现的事务日志空间问题进行了剖析，并提出了解决办法。 分析结果表明，应用SQL SERVER复制技术进行数据交换、 共享及应用是较为有效的，而且也是可行的。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。