恶臭污染及其治理技术（续）

恶臭污染及其治理技术（续）李立清，杨建康，陈昭宜（湖南大学，长沙４１００８２）（续１９９５年第３期）３．４吸收法３．４．１水吸收法让恶臭气体与水接触，使恶臭物质溶于水中，达到除臭的目的。此法仅对水溶性的恶臭物质有效，但存在二次污染问题，一般只作为预处...     

#x0201c;两酸#x0201d;装置大气污染源分析及治理

石化企业的酸性水汽提装置、酸性干气脱硫装置和硫磺回收装置统称为#x0201c;两酸#x0201d;装置。对#x0201c;两酸#x0201d;装置所采用的工艺流程进行详细分析，得出#x0201c;两酸#x0201d;装置的有组织排放大气污染物主要为SO₂和NO_x，无组织排放大气污染物主要为H₂S、NH₃、有机硫化物和烃类。无组织排放源集中在各单元反应器、储罐和酸性气管线。针对无组织排放源，从防止逸散和恶臭治理两个方面提出了相应的污染防治措施，并比较了溶剂吸收法、燃烧法、湿法化学吸收法等目前常用的恶臭治理技术的优缺点。     

恶臭气体生物处理技术研究进展

介绍了恶臭气体的种类、危害、特征、处理方法及原理；概述了恶臭气体的3种主要生物处理方法：生物滤池、生物滴滤池和生物洗涤器，介绍3种方法的工艺流程、技术特点及最新研究进展；提出了生物法处理恶臭气体亟需解决的问题及研究方向。     

恶臭治理

恶臭污染是石油练制行业的特征污染之一,作为环境公害已为当今世界所公认。石油炼制过程中产生的大量含硫恶臭废气不仅使人难以忍受,而且严重危害人民身心健康。随着公众环境意识的加强,大气环境恶臭污染问题受到越来越多的关注。我公司从上世纪90年代开始恶臭污染的治理研究,先后与上海交通大学、大连理工大学、中科院等高院校和国家科研机构合作,并吸收美国Conoco公司恶臭污染治理的成功经验,成功开发了恶臭污染治理新工艺以及相应的专用吸收剂。该新工艺已在中国石化广州分公司、中国石化茂名     

恶臭的测定与评价

介绍了恶臭的测定和评价方法及有关知识。重点介绍了日本恶臭防止法所规定的仪器分析法和官能法中的三点比较式臭袋法，并从原理、应用方面对这两种分析方法进行了分析对比。此外，还介绍了目前国内外常用的恶臭评价标准。     

帘子布浸胶烘干尾气的治理

采用催化燃烧法治理帘子布浸胶烘干尾气。小试和生产装置运行结果表明，尾气中总烃和几种主要有机污染物的转化率均较高，放空尾气中这些有机污染物的浓度均较低；尾气由原来的有色、有恶臭转为无色、无臭，治理效果令人满意。北京合成纤维厂的尾气治理装置自１９８３年４月投入运行以来，至今已运行了１０年多，运行稳定，开车率达到１００％。     

低温等离子体治理恶臭气体研究进展

介绍了恶臭气体的分类和来源、传统的除臭方法以及这些方法的缺点；简述了低温等离子体产生的方法及其治理恶臭气体的机理；论述了介质阻挡放电、脉冲电晕放电、滑动弧光放电和其他方法在除臭方面的国内外研究进展；指出了利用等离子体治理恶臭气体存在的主要问题及其今后的研究方向。     

恶臭的测定与证人

介绍了恶臭的测定和评价方法及有关知识。重点介绍了日本恶臭防止法所规定的仪器分析法和官能法中的三点比较式臭袋法，并从原理、应用方面对这两种分析方法进行了分析对比。此外，还介绍了目前国内外常用的恶臭评价标准。     

含重金属离子废水治理技术的研究进展

介绍了治理含重金属离子废水的物理法、物理化学法、普通化学法、生化法及电化学法等技术的研究进展；论述了电-生物耦合法处理该类废水的最新趋势；指出将不同治理技术加以耦合，充分发挥不同技术的优点、取长补短，并尽量避免它们之问的相互抑制作用，将是该类废水治理技术的发展方向。     

植物提取液处理恶臭气体的研究进展

介绍了近二十年来国内外关于植物提取液治理恶臭气体的研究成果,内容包括植物提取液的应用研究、除臭机理研究及植物提取液提取方法的研究;指出对恶臭气体中的胺类和醚类除臭机理、对植物提取液提取工艺优化的研究是今后研究的重点。     

In-situ emission characteristics of odorous gases from two food waste processing plants

Odorous gas emission is the main environmental concern of food waste treatment. Two typical food waste processing plants, one for animal feed production by hydrothermal hydrolysis + aerobic fermentation (Plant A), and the other for biogas production by anaerobic digestion (Plant B), were selected to conduct in situ monitoring of fugitive odorous gas emission for five consecutive days, and the emission characteristics of NH₃ and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were compared in this paper. The results showed that the two processes had different emission characteristics of odorous gases. Closed-operated hydrothermal hydrolysis had positive effects on overall fugitive odor control in plant A. Meanwhile, more fugitive odor gases may be released into the environment during the pretreatment with high-temperature and seemingly-open facilities in plant B. The emission strength of odor gases at night was generally lower than that in the day since more fresh food waste was received in the day and the higher temperature and lower air pressure in the day were favorable to gas emission. In general, the process of hydrothermal hydrolysis + aerobic fermentation was more advantageous in controlling odor than the process of anaerobic digestion.     

Estimation of odor emission rate from landfill areas using the sniffing team method

The monitoring of the odor annoyance generated by a landfill area is difficult, since it is a multi-area-sources problem, with a discontinuous odor emission. This paper proposes an adaptation of the method of sniffing team campaigns to the particular case of fresh waste odors. The method is based on the field determination of odor perception points, followed by data processing with a bi-Gaussian-type model, adapted to handle the odors. In a first step, field observers delineate the region in which odor impact is experienced and then the emission rate is manipulated in a dispersion model until the predicted size of the impact zone matches that observed in the field. In a second step the adjusted emission rate is entered into the model to calculate the percentiles corresponding to the average annoyance zone. The originality of the proposed method is the introduction of all observation points and of all recorded meteorological data into the model. The paper discusses the method limitations and the errors induced on the results, i.e. the odor emission rate and the percentile lines (or iso-concentration lines) which are used to describe the odor concentrations on a map of the surroundings of the plant. The proposed method proves to be reliable for diffuse sources, such as landfill areas. The obtained results are coherent with other results found in the literature with other techniques.     

含硫气田恶臭气体阈限值与恶臭强度的关系

介绍了恶臭强度的6级分类法,针对含硫气田典型的5种含硫恶臭化合物,利用韦伯-费希纳公式研究了气体浓度和恶臭强度的关系,计算并分析了我国环境标准和职业卫生标准规定的阈限值对应的恶臭强度。GB/T14554—1993《恶臭污染物排放标准》规定一级厂界浓度标准限值对应的恶臭强度为2.5左右,二级新改扩建厂界标准限值对应恶臭强度为2.8左右。我国国家职业卫生标准GBZ 2.1—2007中规定的含硫恶臭气体职业接触限值对应的恶臭强度均在4以上。     

Odor compounds in waste gas emissions from agricultural operations and food industries

In the last decades, large-scale agricultural operations and food industries have increased. These operations generate numerous types of odors. The reduction of land areas available for isolation of agricultural and food processing industrial operations from the public area and the increase in sensitivity and demand of the general public for a clean and pleasant environment have forced all of these industries to control odor emissions and toxic air pollutants. To develop environmentally sound, sustainable agricultural and food industrial operations, it is necessary to integrate research that focuses on modern analytical techniques and latest sensory technology of measurement and evaluation of odor and pollution, together with a fundamental knowledge of factors that are the basic units contributing to the production of odor and pollutants. Without a clear understanding of what odor is, how to measure it, and where it originates, it will be difficult to control the odor. The present paper reviews the available information regarding odor emissions from agricultural operations and food industries by giving an overview about odor problems, odor detection and quantification, and identifying the sources and the mechanisms that contribute to the odor emissions. Finally, ways of reducing or controlling the odor problem are discussed.     

Monitoring of odor compounds produced by solid waste treatment plants with diffusive samplers

Nuisance caused by odors is one of the most important problems for waste management plants. To control an odor nuisance, it must first be quantified. The analytical difficulties in odor measurements are related to the high number of volatile components (belonging to several chemical classes), above all when the concentration is lower than the detection limit of the technique used for the measurement. In this work, 2-butanone, alpha-pinene, tetrachloroethylene, dimethyldisulfide, beta-pinene, limonene, phenol and benzoic acid are determined, because they are representative of some important classes of compounds with higher odor impact. The compounds are sampled with thermal desorbable radial diffusive samplers Radiello containing Tenax cartridges. The analytical repeatability and the complete thermal desorption of the cartridges were verified for each odor compound; the relative standard deviations for repeated samples and the recovery percentage were, respectively, less than 7% and about 97% for all compounds. The measurements of the linearity of sampling showed no systematic difference according to the collection period. The comparison between the odor threshold and the limit of detection demonstrated that this method is reliable for the recognition and quantification of odor compounds, allowing Public Administration to impose legal limits and the control agencies to verify them.     

恶臭污染及其治理技术

介绍了恶臭物质的来源、对人体的危害及恶臭强度分级方法；综述了常用的恶息物质处理方法。     

油品储运行业挥发性有机物排放控制技术评估

分析了我国油品储运行业的VOCs排放环节和特点。选取燃烧法、吸收法、吸附法、冷凝法、膜分离法等VOCs排放末端控制技术作为研究对象,介绍了各方法的原理和适用条件。建立了包括环境性能、技术性能、经济性能3方面共10项指标的综合评价指标体系。采用模糊评价方法分析了油品储运行业VOCs排放末端控制备选技术的综合性能。结果表明,冷凝法和膜分离法具有良好的综合性能,是油品储运行业VOCs排放的最佳末端控制技术。     

Sulfide emissions from different areas of a municipal solid waste landfill in China

Degradation of municipal solid waste in landfills generates sulfide compounds, which are considered one of the main sources of odor emissions. Field sampling was conducted at surfaces of operating, inoperative, and soil-covered areas of a landfill site in northern China to characterize the sulfide compounds. The results showed that dimethyl disulfide dominated the sulfide compounds, accounting for up to 73.6% of the total detected sulfide. With the biggest odor concentration of 365, diethyl sulfide was the most significant sulfide compound. The estimated sulfide emission rates at surfaces of operating and soil-covered areas were similar, and the emission rate of dimethyl disulfide at Surface of Operating Area was up to 345.9 μg/m³ h. Dimethyl disulfide could be released from the fresh waste, and its normalized concentration at 0.2 m beneath operating surface was 10.4 times that at 0.4 m.     

石化行业的VOCs排放控制管理

概述了我国挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的排放情况。介绍了国内外VOCs的管理现状。分析了国内石化行业VOCs排放控制管理中存在的主要问题以及污染物排放过程的类别。提出了明确定义、制定相关标准、完善分类管理体系、研究最佳的可行性控制技术等加强VOCs排放控制管理的对策和建议。