我国典型禽畜粪便资源化技术研究

畜禽养殖业发展的同时,带来了严重的环境污染问题。论述了我国典型畜禽粪便的情况,总结了常见的无害化处理技术——有机肥化技术、饲料化技术和能源化技术,指出畜禽粪便厌氧产沼气处理方式应用广泛,但仍存在相关问题。建议加强解决工程问题的科学研究,细化防治禽畜粪便污染的政策法规。     

运城市农村发展循环经济研究

对新形势下运城市抓好农村环境保护、发展循环经济进行了研究,生活垃圾分类收集、农业秸秆资源合理利用、禽畜粪便综合利用等循环经济模式,可有效避免环境污染,同时也为农村可持续发展、发展循环经济探索出了一条道路.     

浅谈畜禽粪便、秸秆等有机废弃物肥料化的研究现状

畜禽粪便、农作物秸秆具有来源广泛、有机质含量高、易于转化等特点,用生态工程的方法,使之转化为种植业的原料或能源,实现农业无害生产,消除环境污染,改善农村生态环境,对我国美丽乡村建设和农业可持续发展具有重大意义。对畜禽粪便、秸秆肥料化的现状进行系统分析,总结出制约我国畜禽粪便、秸秆肥料化发展的关键问题。通过学习国内外的先进技术,改进畜禽粪便、秸秆肥料化的生产工艺,从而解决国产有机肥肥效低、价格高以及不具备市场竞争力的关键问题。     

养猪业清洁生产途径与循环经济发展模式探讨

近年来,我国养猪业发展迅速,农村经济增长较快,农民收入和生活水平明显提高。同时,养猪业产生的猪粪便污染日趋严重,已严重影响当地居民生产生活和身体健康。为了彻底消除农村养猪场猪粪便污水和臭味污染,改善农村环境质量,促进农业经济发展,总结了长期从事清洁生产和循环经济发展研究的实践经验,提出了养猪业清洁生产途径和循环经济发展模式,意在从源头预防控制污染,大力推进养猪业清洁生产与农村经济可循环持续发展,并供关心我国养猪清洁生产与循环经济发展的同行借鉴参考。     

大连市农业循环经济发展主要措施及重大项目简介

"十二五"期间,大连市将投资近100亿元在全市农村全面开展环境综合整治、污染治理、废物资源化循环利用,改善农村生态环境质量,调整产业布局和结构,节能减排,开发新能源,建立有机食品基地,发展生态农业,创建农业生态产业园区,实施农业循环经济发展的重点工程,提高农民收入和生活水平,促进农村经济可持续发展。     

秸秆还田的应用及其对环境的影响研究

随着粮食生产技术的发展和农村生活水平的提高,秸秆的生产和利用发生了巨大变化。我国秸秆年产量超过9亿t,大量秸秆在未经利用的情况下被随意丢弃或焚烧,使环境遭到严重污染。秸秆还田作为秸秆资源化利用的一种有效途径,在国内外逐渐得到重视和应用。介绍秸秆还田的应用方式和方法,探讨秸秆还田对环境产生的影响,以期为秸秆还田技术的推广和发展提供参考。     

秸秆纤维板生产污染控制技术规范研究

根据秸秆纤维板生产现状和需求,阐述了建立秸秆纤维板生产污染控制技术规范的目的和必要性,提出了秸秆纤维板生产污染控制技术规范的编制原则,编制了秸秆纤维板生产污染控制技术规范,旨在为提高秸秆纤维板生产企业技术和管理标准化水平提供参考。     

利用味精废液生产高蛋白秸秆生物饲料的方法

该发明公开了一种利用味精废液生产高蛋白秸秆生物饲料的方法。其制备步骤如下：将味精废液、发酵剂喷洒到秸秆或秸秆粉上拌匀，加水搅拌后装袋密封、堆放发酵，其中原料的质量比为秸秆70—90份、味精废液10～30份，发酵剂为秸秆或秸秆粉质量的0．2％～1．0％。该发明综合利用味精废液和农作物秸秆两大污染环境的有机废弃物，生产高蛋白秸秆生物饲料，饲料蛋白含量高，     

关于高度重视农村发展和尽快解决垃圾处理难的提案

正案由:我国在《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年(2016—2020年)规划纲要》中提出,实行最严格的环境保护制度,形成政府、企业、公众处理的体系。到2020年全面建成小康社会时,全国90%以上村庄的生活垃圾得到有效治理;农村畜禽粪便基本实现资源化利用,农作物秸秆综合利用率达到85%以上,农膜回收率达到80%以上;农村地区工业危险废物无害化利用处置率达到95%。为了解决长期"垃圾     

农作物秸秆综合利用新技术——工业化生产羧甲基纤维素

从农作物秸秆引起的污染问题着手,论述了农作物秸秆的各项综合利用技术;在实验室研究的基础上,提出了工业化生产羧甲基纤维素的综合利用技术,不仅可以解决农作物秸秆焚烧引起的污染问题,还可以创造可观的经济效益.     

Temporal Trends in Mercury Accumulation in Lake Sediments in Sweden

Lake sediment cores were analyzedto study the history of mercury (Hg) pollution andparticularly to determine whether recent sedimentconcentrations have declined in response todeclining atmospheric deposition of Hg. Sedimentcores from 6 forest lakes distributed fromsouthern to northern Sweden and 3 northernmountain lakes were analyzed for Hg using CVAAS. A400 cm sediment profile from Måkevatten insouthwest Sweden indicates that the onset of Hgpollution occurred in the 18th century. Anindisputable increase in Hg concentrationsoccurred concurrent with the appearance ofspheroidal carbonaceous flyash particles (SCP)derived from fossil-fuel combustion, in themid-19th century. There is a strong correlationbetween Hg and SCP concentrations in the sedimentcores (r=0.67 to 0.91), which suggests a strongrelationship between historical Hg pollution andfossil fuel burning. In contrast to sediment corestaken in 1979, maximum Hg concentrations are nowobserved below the sediment surface and declinetowards the sediment surface. This study confirmsthat reductions in atmospheric deposition of Hgover Sweden have resulted in a decreased transferof total Hg to aquatic environments as reflectedby lake sediments, and that lake sediment profilesof Hg concentrations reflect relative trends inthe atmospheric deposition of Hg rather thanpost-depositional diagenetic processes.     

Elemental Concentration in Lichen in Western Anatolia

The deposition patterns of Mn, Fe, Cr, Sb, Zn and As wereinterpreted together with enrichment factor calculations. Samples collected around iron-steel plant had very high concentrations and EF values of Mn, Fe, Cr, Sb and Zn implying that these plants are serious pollution sources in the region. High As concentrations around the settlementareas showed that coal combustion is another important anthropogenic source in the region.     

Sulphate and Nitrate in Precipitation and Soil Water in Pine Forests in Latvia

The SO₄–S and NO₃–N concentrations and pH in bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil water for the 1994–2004 period were studied in pine forests in Latvia (Rucava and Taurene Integrated Monitoring stations). The SO₄–S and NO₃–N concentrations decreased over the study period, simultaneously with a decrease of acidity in precipitation. The changes were more evident in the western part of Latvia, probably due to declining long-range air pollution from West Europe. The trend of decreasing sulphate concentrations and increasing pH in precipitation were not followed by respective changes in soil water. In the upper soil horizon sulphate ion concentrations and acidity increased in soil water. Over the observation period, nitrate concentrations also showed an increasing trend in soil water at Rucava and Taurene, but these changes were not statistically significant.     

Variations in the Fluoride Level in Precipitation in a Region of Human Impact

The research concerns the Wielkopolski National Park (West Poland), which suffered a huge human impact in the 1970s and 1980s owing to the nearby location of an industrial plant. Since then, fundamental technological changes that it introduced into its production of phosphate fertilizers have radically reduced the amount of pollution emitted. A three-year study (2002–2004) of fluorides in precipitation in open terrain and under tree crowns showed their concentrations to range from levels below the detection limit (0.003 mg/l) to 0.560 mg/l. Those registered under tree crowns were several times higher and indicated substantial dry deposition of fluorides on the trees. The highest values were recorded in 2003, with 43% of samples ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/l, and with 51% of throughfall ranging from 0.10 to 0.50 mg/l. A strong connection was shown to exist between fluoride and sulphate concentrations in the precipitation. An analysis was made of the available data on F concentrations in the air and the dust levels around the factory, but these figures did not show an unequivocal effect on F concentrations in precipitation. A great similarity was found to occur between the fluoride content in rainwater in the Wielkopolski National Park and in the centre of the nearby Poznań metropolitan area, which indicates that there are also other F sources besides the local factory.     

Difficulties in applying extended producer responsibility policies in developing countries: case studies in e-waste recycling in China and Thailand

Developing Asian countries have started to apply the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR) to electronics and electrical equipment waste (e-waste). This policy approach aims to give electronic appliance manufacturers and importers responsibility for the collection and recycling of discarded electronic equipment. China and Thailand have drafted regulations on the recycling of e-waste with common characteristics such as the financial responsibility of producers and subsidies for collection. Although the proposed system is sensible, taking into account the fact that e-waste is a market-traded commodity, there are two major difficulties in implementing EPR in developing countries. First, it may be difficult for governments to collect funds from producers or importers if smuggled, imitation, or small shop-assembled products have a large share in the market. Second, the system creates incentives for collectors and recyclers to over-report the amount of collected e-waste in order to gain extra subsidies from the fund. Other policy measures such as the enforcement of pollution control regulations on informal recyclers, the prevention of smuggling, and the protection of intellectual property rights should accompany EPR policies.     

Future trends in computer waste generation in India

The objective of this paper is to estimate the future projection of computer waste in India and to subsequently analyze their flow at the end of their useful phase. For this purpose, the study utilizes the logistic model-based approach proposed by Yang and Williams to forecast future trends in computer waste. The model estimates future projection of computer penetration rate utilizing their first lifespan distribution and historical sales data. A bounding analysis on the future carrying capacity was simulated using the three parameter logistic curve. The observed obsolete generation quantities from the extrapolated penetration rates are then used to model the disposal phase. The results of the bounding analysis indicate that in the year 2020, around 41–152 million units of computers will become obsolete. The obsolete computer generation quantities are then used to estimate the End-of-Life outflows by utilizing a time-series multiple lifespan model. Even a conservative estimate of the future recycling capacity of PCs will reach upwards of 30 million units during 2025. Apparently, more than 150 million units could be potentially recycled in the upper bound case. However, considering significant future investment in the e-waste recycling sector from all stakeholders in India, we propose a logistic growth in the recycling rate and estimate the requirement of recycling capacity between 60 and 400 million units for the lower and upper bound case during 2025. Finally, we compare the future obsolete PC generation amount of the US and India.     

Medical wastes characterisation in healthcare institutions in Mauritius

This study was initiated to characterize solid and liquid wastes generated in healthcare institutions and to provide a framework for the safe management of these wastes. The project was carried at three major medical institutions, namely, the Jeetoo Hospital, the Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam National (SSRN) Hospital and the Clinic Mauricienne. A waste audit carried out at these sites revealed that approximately 10% of solid wastes was hazardous in nature, consisting mainly of infectious, pathological and chemical wastes. The average amount of hazardous wastes per patient per day was found to be 0.072 kg at Jeetoo hospital, 0.091 kg at SSRN hospital and 0.179 kg at the clinic. The amount of hazardous wastes generated as a function of the number of occupied beds was found to follow a relationship of type y=0.0006x-0.19, where y was the amount of hazardous wastes generated per bed per day and x was the number of occupied beds. The waste quantifying process also revealed that at SSRN Hospital, 0.654 m(3) of water was being consumed per patient per day and the amount of wastewater produced was 500 m(3)/day. Further analysis revealed that the wastewater was polluting with chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD(5)), total suspended solids (TSS) and coliform content well above permissible limits.     

Decline in extractable antibiotics in manure-based composts during composting

A wide variety of antibiotics have been detected in natural water samples and this is of potential concern because of the adverse environmental effects of such antibiotic residues. One of the main sources of antibiotics effluence to the surrounding environment is livestock manures which often contain elevated concentrations of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) which survive digestion in the animal stomach following application in animal husbandry practices. In Korea, livestock manures are normally used for compost production indicating that there is potential for antibiotic release to the environment through compost application to agricultural lands. Therefore, reduction of the amount of VAs in composts is crucial. The purpose of this study was to understand the influence of the composting process and the components of the compost on the levels of three common classes of antibiotics (tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and macrolides). Composted materials at different stages of composting were collected from compost manufacturing plants and the variation in antibiotic concentrations was determined. Three different antibiotics, chlortetracycline (CTC), sulfamethazine (SMZ), and tylosin (TYL) at three different concentrations (2, 10, and 20 mg kg⁻¹) were also applied to a mixture of pig manure and sawdust and the mixtures incubated using a laboratory scale composting apparatus to monitor the changes in antibiotic concentrations during composting together with the physicochemical properties of the composts. During composting, in both field and lab-scale investigations, the concentrations of all three different antibiotics declined below the relevant Korean guideline values (0.8 mg kg⁻¹ for tetracyclines, 0.2 mg kg⁻¹ for sulfonamides and 1.0 mg kg⁻¹ for macrolides). The decline of tetracycline and sulfonamide concentrations was highly dependent on the presence of sawdust while there was no influence of sawdust on TYL decline.     

Medical waste generation in selected clinical facilities in Taiwan

This study investigated the type and amount of medical waste generated from small clinical facilities in Taiwan. We sampled 200 small medical establishments, with few or no patient beds, to survey the wastes generated and disposed. The surveyed medical facilities consisted of four groups including private clinics, medical laboratories, blood centers and public clinics. Private clinics providing surgical, dental, obstetrical, and dialysis services were included in this survey because they may generate higher amounts of infectious waste than other specialties. The overall mean general waste production rate was 3.97 kg/bed/day (or 0.075 kg/patient/day) at all the surveyed facilities, higher than that obtained from larger hospitals in Taiwan, which ranged from 2.41 to 3.26 kg/bed/day. The highest amount of infectious wastes generated among the four groups of facilities were from blood centers (3.14 kg/bed/day), followed by private clinics, medical laboratories and public clinics (1.91, 1.07, and 0.053 kg/bed/day, respectively). The overall average was 2.08 kg/bed/day. This study suggests that the waste generated at small medical facilities ranged widely.     

A systematic approach to in situ bioremediation in groundwater

In situ bioremediation (ISB) melds an understanding of microbiology, chemistry, hydrogeology, and engineering into a strategy for planned and controlled microbial degradation of specific contaminants. ISB creates subsurface environmental conditions, typically through reduction oxidation manipulation, which induce the degradation of contaminants via microbial catalyzed biochemical reactions. In turn, the microbes produce enzymes that are utilized to derive energy and that are instrumental in the degradation of target chemicals. To accomplish this chain of events, the type of microorganisms, contaminant, and the geological conditions at the site must be considered. Since in situ conditions are manipulated by engineered means, the most important consideration is the ability to transmit and mix liquids in the subsurface. The Interstate Technology Regulatory Council (ITRC)–ISB Team has recently completed a guidance document that describes a systematic approach to ISB in groundwater. ITRC is a state‐led coalition of more than 40 states working together with industry and stakeholders to achieve regulatory acceptance of environmental technologies. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.