国外动态

一种先进的无氢脱硫工艺问世ChemicalEngineeringProgress,2 0 0 3 ,99( 9) :14　　据悉 ,总部位于美国得克萨斯州圣安东尼的Valero能源公司近日在其位于路易斯安那州KrotzSprings的炼油厂开始运行一套 5 0桶 /d的柴油脱硫示范装置 ,首次试验Unipure公司发明的用于燃料脱硫的先进脱硫 (ASR )工艺。据Unipure公司负责该工艺商业化开发的副总Barlow介绍 ,ASR工艺可以将硫质量分数为 30 0× 10 - 6 ～ 30 0 0× 10 - 6的汽油或柴油燃料最终转换成硫质量分数低于 5×10 - 6 的超低含硫清洁燃料 ,而且与传统的加氢脱硫工艺相比具有投资省的…     

酶法合成生物柴油的研究进展

生物柴油是一种清洁可再生的生物能源,是石油燃料的理想替代物。酶法合成生物柴油具有提取简单、反应条件温和、醇用量小、甘油易回收和无废物产生等优点。综述了脂肪酶与固定化脂肪酶、全细胞生物催化剂在生物柴油生产中应用的新进展,并对我国生物柴油产业的发展提出了建议。     

氨基介孔磁性载体在柴油生物脱硫中的应用

制备了氨基介孔磁性载体(AMMC),分别采用FTIR,XRD,TEM等技术对AMMC的官能团、磁性、表观形态和沉降性能等进行了表征,并将脱硫菌株固定于AMMC上,以含二苯并噻吩(DBT)的正十六烷为模拟柴油,比较了固定化脱硫菌和游离脱硫菌对柴油的脱硫性能。表征结果显示,AMMC负载了氨基,是具有丰富孔结构的磁性载体(比表面积为61 m~2/g、孔体积为0.131 cm~3/g、平均孔径为11.339 nm),具有悬浮能力强、磁性良好、分离速度快的特点。脱硫实验结果表明:AMMC固定化脱硫菌配合吐温80使用,对DBT的降解率最高,脱硫反应第3天,DBT降解率为75%;AMMC固定化脱硫菌未经活化直接第5次重复使用时,DBT降解率维持在30%左右,游离脱硫菌的DBT降解率不足10%。     

微生物法煤炭脱硫研究及运用前景

分析了微生物脱硫的原理；概述了国内外研究现状；微生物脱硫可以和煤炭清洁工艺－浮选结合起来运用于工程实际。     

国外动态

一种生产低硫汽油的预处理方法HydrocarbonProcessing ,2 0 0 2 ,80 (9) :3 4　　日前 ,美国SK公司成功开发了一种直接生产低硫汽油 (ULSD )的新工艺。在这种独特的工艺中 ,首先对加氢脱硫 (HDS)之前的催化原料采用双吸附塔床脱除其中的含氮化合物 ,而低氮原料能在不太苛刻的条件 (较低温度 )下被加氢处理 ,产生低硫含量的加氢流出液 (废水 )。SK公司研究开发部与Garce -Davision公司共同开发出一种专利吸附剂 ,该吸附剂能将属于汽油沸点范围进料中的极性物质———含氮化合物去除90 %。汽油中的氮化合物属污染物质 ,其存在会妨碍汽油…     

脉冲放电加氨脱硫中加氨位置对脱除位置的影响

对脉冲放电烟气脱硫的试验研究表明,加氨口和脉冲放电相对位置变化极大地影响脱硫效果。从一组实验出发,通过调整加氨口和反应电极的相对位置,得到不同情况下的脱硫率,并分析改变加氢位置所造成的化学反应变化。     

离子液体非加氢脱氮技术的研究进展

分析了离子液体的脱氮原理,并按阴离子类型对其进行了分类,着重介绍了各类离子液体在油品非加氢脱氮中的应用。相对于其他非加氢脱氮技术,离子液体脱氮技术具有选择性高、化学及热稳定性高、操作工艺简单、易回收、污染少、脱氮率高等优点。进一步提高离子液体的重复使用性、稳定性、选择性和降低其生产成本是该领域今后研究工作的主要目标。     

半干法脱硫灰生产蒸压砖技术研究

国网能源开发有限公司焦作电厂针对半干法脱硫灰难以利用的现状,提出了用脱硫灰生产蒸压砖技术方案,该方案可完全利用脱硫灰中的CaO、CaCO3、Ca（OH）2、CaSO3和CaSO4。介绍了脱硫灰的理化特性及脱硫灰蒸养砖的工业化试验,实现了半干法脱硫灰制蒸压砖工业化生产的综合利用。     

一种以炼厂气为原料制备甲醇的方法

该发明公开了一种以炼厂气为原料制备甲醇的方法。以炼厂气为原料，经催化加氢、精制脱硫、水蒸气转化后可生产出符合甲醇合成反应需要的合成气，并经过合成气压缩、甲醇合成、甲醇精馏过程得到甲醇产品。该发明的开发与应用，为炼厂气的综合利用开辟了一条新的途径。     

中科院大连化物所研制出加氢合成甲醇催化新技术

正中科院大连化物所催化基础国家重点实验室王集杰博士、李灿院士等人研制了一种双金属固溶体氧化物催化剂,实现了二氧化碳高选择性高稳定性加氢合成甲醇,相关成果在《科学进展》上发表。二氧化碳加氢制甲醇暗合了光合作用中暗反应的功效,是太阳能制液体燃料的重要途径。甲醇是重要的平台化学分子,由甲醇可制取烯烃、芳烃等大宗化学品以及汽油、柴油,也可直接用作燃料或燃料添加剂。目前来看,实现二氧化碳加氢制甲     

Emissions from US waste collection vehicles

This research is an in-depth environmental analysis of potential alternative fuel technologies for waste collection vehicles. Life-cycle emissions, cost, fuel and energy consumption were evaluated for a wide range of fossil and bio-fuel technologies. Emission factors were calculated for a typical waste collection driving cycle as well as constant speed. In brief, natural gas waste collection vehicles (compressed and liquid) fueled with North-American natural gas had 6–10% higher well-to-wheel (WTW) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relative to diesel-fueled vehicles; however the pump-to-wheel (PTW) GHG emissions of natural gas waste collection vehicles averaged 6% less than diesel-fueled vehicles. Landfill gas had about 80% lower WTW GHG emissions relative to diesel. Biodiesel waste collection vehicles had between 12% and 75% lower WTW GHG emissions relative to diesel depending on the fuel source and the blend. In 2011, natural gas waste collection vehicles had the lowest fuel cost per collection vehicle kilometer travel. Finally, the actual driving cycle of waste collection vehicles consists of repetitive stops and starts during waste collection; this generates more emissions than constant speed driving.     

O2/CO2气氛下石灰石煅烧分解的动力学和热力学研究

富氧燃烧是一种能够综合控制燃煤污染物排放的新型洁净燃烧技术。针对O2／CO2气氛下石灰石煅烧分解特性进行了热力学分析和热重试验结果的动力学分析，将热力学分析结果与热重试验结果进行了对比，得出石灰石的起始分解温度随CO2分压比的增大而增高。     

柴油车尾气处理液应用展望

尾气处理液是柴油车尾气处理SCR技术中所必需的还原剂。本文通过分析柴油车尾气的排放情况及SCR技术应用发展趋势,着重介绍了柴油车尾气处理液的研究现状及应用情况,总结了尾气处理液应用中存在的问题并阐明了后续的发展方向。     

In situ thermal remediation of DNAPL and LNAPL using electrical resistance heating

Electrical resistance heating (ERH) is an in situ treatment for soil and groundwater remediation that can reduce the time to clean up volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from years to months. The technology is now mature enough to provide site owners with both performance and financial certainty in their site‐closure process. The ability of the technology to remediate soil and groundwater impacted by chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons regardless of lithology proves to be beneficial over conventional in situ technologies that are dependent on advective flow. These conventional technologies include: soil vapor recovery, air sparging, and pumpand‐treat, or the delivery of fluids to the subsurface such as chemical oxidization and bioremediation. The technology is very tolerant of subsurface heterogeneities and actually performs as well in low‐permeability silts and clay as in higher‐ permeability sands and gravels. ERH is often implemented around and under buildings and public access areas without upsetting normal business operations. ERH may also be combined with other treatment technologies to optimize and enhance their performance. This article describes how the technology was developed, how it works, and provides two case studies where ERH was used to remediate complex lithologies. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Pyrolysis technologies for municipal solid waste: A review

Pyrolysis has been examined as an attractive alternative to incineration for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal that allows energy and resource recovery; however, it has seldom been applied independently with the output of pyrolysis products as end products. This review addresses the state-of-the-art of MSW pyrolysis in regards to its technologies and reactors, products and environmental impacts. In this review, first, the influence of important operating parameters such as final temperature, heating rate (HR) and residence time in the reaction zone on the pyrolysis behaviours and products is reviewed; then the pyrolysis technologies and reactors adopted in literatures and scale-up plants are evaluated. Third, the yields and main properties of the pyrolytic products from individual MSW components, refuse-derived fuel (RDF) made from MSW, and MSW are summarised. In the fourth section, in addition to emissions from pyrolysis processes, such as HCl, SO₂ and NH₃, contaminants in the products, including PCDD/F and heavy metals, are also reviewed, and available measures for improving the environmental impacts of pyrolysis are surveyed. It can be concluded that the single pyrolysis process is an effective waste-to-energy convertor but is not a guaranteed clean solution for MSW disposal. Based on this information, the prospects of applying pyrolysis technologies to dealing with MSW are evaluated and suggested.     

Vegetative remediation process offers advantages over traditional pump-and-treat technologies

The use of bioremediation technologies to clean up contaminated soil and groundwater is increasingly winning favor over more costly and often ineffective mechanical approaches. One new type of bioremediation process, known as TreeMediation^TM, uses trees and other vegetation to remediate soil by acting as a natural pump to extract and remediate contaminated groundwater in aquifers less than 30 feet deep. This article describes this innovative treatment method, shows its advantages over traditional pump and-treat techniques, and explains how TreeMediation is being used to extract nitrate and ammonium contamination from an aquifer in New Jersey.     

生物刺激与生物强化联合修复柴油污染土壤

从柴油污染土壤中筛选分离出一株高效降解柴油的菌株CY-1,考察了自然衰减修复、生物刺激修复、生物强化修复以及生物刺激-生物强化联合修复等4种修复方法对土壤中柴油的降解能力及降解过程中几种土壤微生物酶活性的变化。实验结果表明:该菌为假单胞菌属;采用生物刺激-生物强化联合修复初始柴油质量分数为2.70%的柴油污染土壤,经过31 d的降解,柴油质量分数降至1.09%,柴油去除率达59.6%;经生物刺激-生物强化联合修复,土壤脱氢酶活性和荧光素二乙酸酯水解酶活性最高;通过生物刺激处理可使土壤脲酶活性和磷酸酶活性达到最高。     

Fenton's in-situ reagent chemical oxidation of hydrocarbon contamination in soil and groundwater

Industry and regulatory demands for rapid and cost-effective clean up of hydrocarbon and other contamination in soil and groundwater has prompted development and improvement of in-situ remediation technologies. In-situ technologies offer many advantages over ex-situ treatment alternatives, including lower initial capital and long-term operation and maintenance costs, less site disruption, no Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) liability, and shorter treatment time necessary to achieve cleanup objectives. Fenton's reagent, a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron that generates a hydroxyl free radical as an oxidizing agent, is widely accepted for chemical oxidation of organic contaminants in the wastewater industry. In-situ implementation of Fenton's reagent for chemical oxidation of organic contaminants in soil and groundwater continues to grow in acceptance and application to a wide variety of environmental contaminants and hydrogeologic conditions (EPA, 1998).     

The potential environmental gains from recycling waste plastics: Simulation of transferring recycling and recovery technologies to Shenyang, China

With the increasing attention on developing a low-carbon economy, it is necessary to seek appropriate ways on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through innovative municipal solid waste management (MSWM), such as urban symbiosis. However, quantitative assessments on the environmental benefits of urban symbiosis, especially in developing countries, are limited because only a limited number of planned synergistic activities have been successful and it is difficult to acquire detailed inventory data from private companies. This paper modifies and applies a two-step simulation system and used it to assess the potential environmental benefits, including the reduction of GHG emissions and saving of fossil fuels, by employing various Japanese plastics recycling/energy-recovery technologies in Shenyang, China. The results showed that among various recycling/energy-recovery technologies, the mechanical waste plastics recycling technology, which produces concrete formwork boards (NF boards), has the greatest potential in terms of reducing GHG emissions (1.66 kg CO₂e/kg plastics), whereas the technology for the production of refuse plastic fuel (RPF) has the greatest potential on saving fossil fuel consumption (0.77 kgce/kg-plastics). Additional benefits can be gained by applying combined technologies that cascade the utilization of waste plastics. Moreover, the development of clean energy in conjunction with the promotion of new waste plastics recycling programs could contribute to additional reductions in GHG emissions and fossil fuel consumption.