钯/铁双金属对六氯乙烷的催化还原脱氯

用钯／铁双金属对水溶液中的六氯乙烷（HCE）进行催化还原脱氯，考察了各种因素对脱氯效果的影响。实验结果表明，在厌氧环境、饱和HCE溶液体积80mL、钯与铁质量比0．03％、钯／铁双金属质量3g、反应时间130min的条件下，脱氯率可达98．8％。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对HCE及其脱氯产物进行分析，结果表明，HCE的脱氯中间产物主要是四氯乙烯，四氯乙烯进一步脱氯的中间产物未检出。     

稳定态纳米零价铁-厌氧菌联合处理法降解2,4,6-三氯苯酚

利用SEM、XRD、FTIR等手段对稳定态纳米零价铁（NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI）进行表征，并考察NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI-厌氧菌体系对2，4，6-三氯苯酚（2，4，6-TCP）的降解效果。实验结果表明：NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI具有较强的抗氧化能力及较好的分散性；当2，4，6-TCP质量浓度 50 mg/L、NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI加入量1 g/L、初始 pH 7.00、反应120 h时，2，4，6-TCP的去除率为34.76%，一级降解速率常数为0.022 1，均远大于普通纳米零价铁颗粒；在NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI-厌氧菌体系中，2，4，6-TCP的去除率可达82.70%，NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI与厌氧微生物之间表现出明显的协同效应，能有效缓解2，4，6-TCP对厌氧微生物的抑制作用，稳定体系pH，提高微生物的降解活性和产甲烷活性。     

铁-镍交联改性膨润土的制备及应用

以钠基膨润土为原料，制备了铁-镍无机交联、铁-镍有机交联系列改性膨润土，比较了二者对废水的COD、色度、浊度和废水中Cr^6＋的去除效果；考察了改性嘭润土加入量、pH、搅拌时间等因素对实验结果的影响。结果表明，铁-镍有机交联改性嘭润土对Cr^6＋的去除效果明显好于铁-镍无机交联改性膨润土，对COD的去除效果略好于铁-镍无机交联改性膨润土；铁-镍无机交联改性膨润土对废水浊度的去除效果略好于铁-镍有机交联改性膨润土；二者对色度的去除效果相当。吸附行为符合Langmuir方程。     

一种利用零价铁-超声波协同作用对焦化废水脱色的方法

该发明涉及一种利用零价铁-超声波协同作用对焦化废水进行脱色的方法。具体为将废水和零价铁屑／粉加入到反应器中，调节废水pH至1～6，而后在功率为150～200W的超声波作用下搅拌反应30～60min，实现废水脱色和COD的去除。零价铁的加入量为2～500g／L，反应温度为10～80℃。采用该发明可将焦化废水的色度由初始的1500倍降至140倍，色度去除率达90％以上；     

零价铁-Fenton试剂体系降解有机污染物的研究进展

零价铁-Fenton试剂体系在对许多有机污染物有着较好的处理效果的同时,有效地克服了单独零价铁还原与传统Fenton反应的缺点.本文分析了零价铁-Fenton试剂体系的作用机理,总结了零价铁-Fenton试剂体系在处理有机污染物中的新进展,介绍了零价铁-Fenton试剂体系与其他技术联用降解有机污染物的研究成果.并讨论了对该反应有较大影响的几种因素.针对目前的研究中出现的一些问题,结合实际的需要,提出了今后需关注的研究方向.     

零价铁/炭纤维预处理制药废水

以炭纤维为载体,采用电沉积法制备零价铁/炭纤维,考察了零价铁/炭纤维对制药废水COD的去除效果。SEM表征结果显示,炭纤维表面光滑,炭纤维上负载的零价铁呈现大小不一的球状。实验结果表明:在初始废水p H为5、铁碳质量比为2∶1、固液比(固体质量以铁计)为90 g/L、曝气量为80 L/h的条件下,采用零价铁/炭纤维体系处理COD=10 082.63 mg/L、色度为135倍、p H=7.3、SS=250 mg/L、Na Cl质量分数为3.5%的制药废水,COD去除率可达72.79%,出水COD为2 743.48 mg/L,减轻了后续生化处理工艺的进水负荷;零价铁/炭纤维降解制药废水中COD的过程符合三级反应动力学方程。     

零价铁基材料除锑性能及影响因素研究进展

综述了零价铁（ZVI）基复合材料除锑（Sb）的相关研究进展。介绍了ZVI基材料与Sb的反应机理，主要包括吸附、氧化还原和络合等；总结了ZVI的各种修饰和改性方法，包括表面改性、固体负载改性和外加弱磁场；分析了ZVI及其改性材料对不同形态Sb的去除效果和影响因素；并展望了ZVI在去除Sb研究方面的发展方向。     

零价铁在废水处理中应用的研究进展

简述了零价铁（ZVI）处理废水的机理。综述了ZVI、纳米零价铁 （nZVI）对焦化废水、军火厂废水、制药废水、橄榄油厂废水、染料废水、含盐类废水及含重金属废水处理的研究进展以及ZVI复合材料处理废水的研究进展。指出将ZVI与超声波、微波及Fenton法等技术联合,形成具有各自优点的新处理技术,将是今后的研究重点。     

纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉的制备及其对Pb2+的吸附

以玉米淀粉为载体，采用液相还原法制备纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉，并用于溶液中Pb2+的去除。采用SEM技术对吸附材料进行了表征。考察了溶液pH、纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉加入量、初始Pb2+质量浓度、反应时间等因素对Pb2+吸附效果的影响。表征结果显示，纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉球体间主要呈链状连接，不仅保持了纳米零价铁的特性，且颗粒的团聚现象明显减少。实验结果表明，在溶液pH 7.0、纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉加入量0.8 g/L、初始Pb2+质量浓度50 mg/L、反应时间60 min的条件下，纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉对Pb2+具有较好的吸附效果，Pb2+去除率为93.17%、吸附量为47.27 mg/g。     

生物炭负载纳米铁镍双金属去除水中1,1,1-三氯乙烷

以小麦秸秆为原料制备生物炭,再通过液相还原法制备了生物炭负载纳米铁镍双金属材料(Ni/Fe/BC),运用FTIR,SEM,XRD技术进行了表征,并将该材料用于水中1,1,1-三氯乙烷(TCA)的去除。表征结果显示,生物炭具有良好的空隙结构和较大的比表面积,能有效负载纳米铁镍双金属,防止纳米铁镍双金属颗粒的团聚。实验结果表明:Ni/Fe/BC的最佳制备条件为生物炭、Fe、Ni的质量比1∶1∶0.01;在TCA质量浓度200 mg/L、Fe加入量1 g/L的条件下,反应60 min时,Ni/Fe/BC对TCA的去除率达99.2%,与未经生物炭负载时的39.1%相比显著提高;生物炭通过吸附TCA使TCA与双金属的接触增多,而铁腐蚀产生的氢被吸附在镍金属表面形成活性氢自由基,促进了TCA的去除。     

Hydrogen Release Compound: A Cost‐Effective Alternative to PCE Remediation at Dry Cleaning Facilities

Tetrachloroethylene, also known as perchloroethylene or PCE, is one of the most difficult to treat chlorinated solvents when present in groundwater. Unfortunately, this elusive and recalcitrant compound is also the most commonly used dry cleaning solvent. As a result, releases of PCE at dry cleaning sites are somewhat common. Regenesis Bioremediation Products, of San Clemente, California, has developed Hydrogen Release Compound (HRC), which has been successfully used to promote bioremediation of PCE in groundwater. This product is directly injected into contaminated groundwater to speed up the natural attenuation of PCE through an anaerobic, natural process known as reductive dechlorination. A key benefit of HRC is its ability to slowly release hydrogen over extended periods of time. Reductive dechlorination relies on a steady source and readily available supply of electron donors as part of the degradation process. Hydrogen is one of the best electron donors available, and thus, the application of HRC significantly enhances the rate of PCE degradation. For dry cleaners, this technology can substantially reduce major design, capital, and operating costs, allowing the implementation of a low‐impact application and remediation solution. This article discusses the use of the HRC to remediate PCE contamination and presents the results of two specific HRC‐treated dry cleaner sites. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Fe-Ce双金属氧化物常温脱除低浓度H2S

采用共沉淀法制备了Fe-Ce双金属氧化物脱硫剂,通过XRD、FTIR、N2吸附-脱附和XPS对脱硫剂进行了表征.在常温下对H2S质量浓度为607μg/L的H2S-N2混合气体进行脱硫研究,探讨了Ce与Fe的摩尔比和无水乙醇洗涤对脱硫剂在常温下脱硫性能的影响,考察了脱硫剂的再生性能.实验结果表明:Ce与Fe摩尔比为0.1...     

Rapid Cleanup of Chlorinated Solvent Source Zones: Synergies Between Chemical and Biological Degradation

A chlorinated volatile organic compound (cVOC) source area approximately 25 by 100 ft in a heavily industrialized urban area was characterized with groundwater tetrachloroethene (PCE) concentrations up to 9,180 μg/L. This is approximately 6 percent of PCE's aqueous solubility, indicative of the presence of residual dense, nonaqueous phase liquid. The resulting dissolved‐phase plume migrated off‐site. Biotic and abiotic dechlorination using a combination of a food‐grade organic carbon‐based electron donor and zero‐valent iron suspended in a food‐grade emulsifying agent reduced the source area PCE concentrations by 98 percent within 27 weeks, with minimal downgradient migration of daughter products dichloroethene and vinyl chloride. Combining biological dechlorination with iron‐based chemical dechlorination is synergistic, enhancing treatment aggressiveness, balancing pH, and optimizing degradation of both DNAPL and dissolved‐phase cVOCs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Enhanced reductive dechlorination of PCE in unconsolidated soils

An Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) forum was recently held that focused on six case studies in which bioremediation of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) was performed. The objective was to demonstrate that there is credible evidence for bioremediation as a viable environmental remediation technology. A discussion of the first case study from the ITRC forum was published in the previous issue of Remediation. This article presents a discussion of the second case study, which involves enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) of tetrachloroethene (PCE) in unconsolidated soils—primarily silts and clays with very low permeabilities. The project results indicate that complete reductive dechlorination was achieved and provide encouragement that large amounts of nonaqueous solvent can be brought into the reductive dechlorination treatment process by dissolution and desorption, giving support to the contention that the capacity to attack nonaqueous mass is a prerequisite for any effective treatment of DNAPL source zones. The site geology for this project was relatively unfavorable, and further work is needed to confirm that the ERD technology can economically reach a natural attenuation endpoint for this type of setting. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Impact of iron concentration and ph on zero‐valent iron dechlorination of DDT for brownfields

Soil contamination with persistent pesticides such as dichloro‐diphenyl‐trichloroethane (DDT) is a major issue at many brownfield sites. A technology that can be used to treat DDT‐contaminated soil using surfactants is to enhance the migration of the contaminants from the soil phase to the liquid phase, followed by the dechlorinating of the mobilized DDT in the liquid phase using zero‐valent iron (ZVI). The DDT degradation using ZVI occurs under anaerobic conditions via reductive reactions. The effect of the iron concentration on the dechlorination rate is assessed in the range of 1 to 40 percent (weight to volume) for remediation of a DDT‐contaminated site in Ontario, Canada. The optimum percentage of iron is found to be 20 percent at which the dechlorination rates of DDT and 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD) were 4.5 and 0.6 mg/L/day, respectively. While mixing of the reaction solution is shown to be important in providing the iron surface available for the dechlorination reaction throughout the reaction solution, there is no significant difference between batch and fed‐batch mode of adding iron to the dechlorination process. Low pH values (pH = 3) increased the dechlorination rates of DDT and DDD to 6.03 and 0.75 mg/L/day, respectively at a 20 percent iron concentration, indicating increased dechlorination rates in acidic conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The effect of solvent concentration on the use of palladized-iron for the step-wise dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil extracts

This report describes the application of palladized iron (Pd/Fe) to the dechlorination of polychlorinted biphenyls (PCBs) at ambient temperature. Experiments supported by congener-specific analyses demonstrated that dechlorination occurs in a step-wise fashion with the meta-chlorines being more reactive than ortho-chlorines. Over the course of the laboratory experiments, complete conversion to biphenyl was observed. The process was also tested with PCBs dissolved in high (40-60%) concentrations of ethanol and isopropanol as a means of simulating solutions generated by commercial soil and solid waste extraction processes. The reaction rate was sensitive to the percentage of solvent but complete dechlorination was still indicated. Tests with soil extracts from a contaminated site demonstrated that there were no apparent interferences from asphalt and other miscellaneous debris. Short-duration tests with highly contaminated PCB solutions from a hazardous waste site demonstrated efficient dechlorination although there was a reduction in reaction rate with time.     

The effect of chlorine position of chlorinated phenols on their dechlorination kinetics by Fenton's reagent

Chlorine position of chlorophenol isomers has a significant effect on the dechlorination kinetics of monochlorophenols, dichlorophenols, and trichlorophenols during Fenton oxidation. The effects have been evaluated by the rate constants of the dechlorination kinetic model developed in this study. It is found that the dechlorination rate of 3-CP is faster than that of 4-CP, which is faster than that of 2-CP. Since OH and Cl groups on the aromatic ring are ortho and para directors, the directory effect of OH and Cl groups enhances the dechlorination kinetics of 2-CP due to acceleration of the hydroxylation of 2-CP. Therefore, the dechlorination kinetics increases accordingly. For trichlorophenols (TCP), steric hindrance plays an important role during their dechlorination process. Specifically, the closer the chlorine atoms locate with each other on the aromatic ring, the more difficult the dechlorination processes will be. The dechlorination kinetics of dichlorophenols seems to be affected by both directory effect of OH and Cl groups and the effect of steric hindrance of chlorine atoms. The directory effect of OH and Cl groups on trichlorophenols decreases since the chlorine atom occupied the positions which are the most favorable for hydroxyl radical attack.     

Sodium Persulfate Oxidation for the Remediation of Chlorinated Solvents (USEPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program)

This study has been conducted at the University of Connecticut (UCONN) in connection with the USEPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program to evaluate a chemical oxidation technology (sodium persulfate) developed at UCONN. A protocol to assess the efficacy of oxidation technologies has been used. This protocol, which consists of obtaining data from a treatability study, tested two in-situ chemical oxidation technologies that can be used on soil and groundwater at a site in Vernon, Connecticut. Based on the treatability report results and additional field data collected at the site, the design for the field implementation of the chemical oxidation remediation was completed. The results indicate that both sodium persulfate and potassium permanganate were able to effectively degrade the target VOCs (i.e., PCE, TCE and cis-DCE) in groundwater and soil-groundwater matrices. In the sodium persulfate tests (120 hrs), the extent of destruction of target VOCs was 74% for PCE, 86% for TCE and 84% for cis-DCE by Na₂S₂O₈ alone and 68% for PCE, 76% for TCE, and 69% for cis-DCE by Fe(II)-catalyzed Na₂S₂O₈. The results demonstrate the sodium persulfate's ability to degrade PCE, TCE and cis-DCE. It is expected that given sufficient dose and treatment time, a higher destruction rate of the dissolved phase contamination can be achieved. The data also indicates that the catalytic effect of the iron chelate on persulfate chemistry was much less pronounced in the soil-groundwater matrix. This indicates an interaction between the iron chelate solution and the soil, which may have resulted in a lower availability of the chelated iron for catalysis. The study showed that the remediation of the VOCs-contaminated soil and groundwater by in-situ chemical oxidation using sodium persulfate is feasible at the Roosevelt Mills site. As a result, the USEPA SITE program will evaluate this technology at this site.     

Pilot‐scale evaluation using bioaugmentation to enhance PCE dissolution at dover AFB national test site

An Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) forum was recently held that focused on six case studies in which bioremediation of dense nonaqueous‐phase liquids (DNAPLs) was performed; the objective was to demonstrate that there is credible evidence for bioremediation as a viable environmental remediation technology. The first two case studies from the forum have been previously published; this third case study involves a pilot‐scale demonstration that investigated the effects of biological activity on enhancing dissolution of an emplaced tetrachloroethene (PCE) DNAPL source. It used a controlled‐release test cell with PCE as the primary DNAPL in a porous media groundwater system. Both laboratory tests and a field‐scale pilot test demonstrated that bioaugmentation can stimulate complete dechlorination to a nontoxic end product and that the mass flux from a source zone increases when biological dehalorespiration activity is enhanced through nutrient (electron donor) addition and bioaugmentation. All project goals were met. Important achievements include demonstrating the ability to degrade a PCE DNAPL source to ethene and obtaining significant information on the impacts to the microbial populations and corresponding isotope enrichments during biodegradation of a source area. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Field application of palladized iron for the dechlorination of trichloroethene

Palladized iron (Pd/Fe) has been tested under field conditions for the dechlorination of trichloroethene (TCE) in groundwater. Contaminated water was pumped from aquifers in Ohio (0.7– 1.5 mg/l TCE) and Missouri (2–9 mg/l TCE and 1,2-dichloroethene) and passed through columns of Pd/Fe. The experiments demonstrated that the dechlorination reaction occurs efficiently until the surface of the Pd/Fe becomes fouled. Regeneration of the surface with dilute (1M) hydrochloric acid is easily accomplished under laboratory conditions, but initially was unsuccessful in the field. Further experiments indicated, that reduced sulfur species, although not naturally present in the groundwater being treated, were permanently poisoning the palladium. Apparently, sulfur-reducing bacteria utilize the hydrogen produced by the Pd/Fe process and reduce the sulfate that is present. An anion exchange column was used to remove sulfate (20 mg/l) from groundwater at the Kansas City Plant in order to test this theory. Under these conditions, a column of Pd/Fe was repetitively regenerated for a 4-week period. A second column, not protected by sulfate removal, could not be regenerated. The results demonstrated that Pd/Fe could be used in a long-term field process if a material with more resistance to Fe and Pd losses is developed.