资源循环科学与工程专业课程体系优化与教学内容创新实践的探索

针对资源循环科学与工程本科专业课程教学,以西安建筑科技大学该专业课程体系为案例,通过对毕业生和专业研讨会调研,分析了课程体系建设的现状和存在的问题。借鉴其他高校资源专业的课程体系和教学内容,通过梳理各门专业课程的教学内容和相互联系,构建了资源专业课程体系课程群,探索了课程体系优化的方法和增加创新实践环节的具体措施。     

人工湿地构造及生物因素研究进展

介绍了近10年报道的不同构造人工湿地（CW）的污水处理性能及CW中微生物、植物、动物的相关研究进展。分析了各种CW构造优缺点、CW与其他技术的结合、CW微生物群落的特征、影响因素和研究手段、CW植物与动物对CW处理性能的贡献及作用机制。提出今后应重点研究：复合人工湿地（ICW）工艺优化;CW强化技术及其参数;CW微生物群落动力学;超富集植物筛选及植物根系作用;耐受性动物筛选驯化、动物与植物及微生物的协同作用机制。     

废钢铁在钢铁行业中应用前景研究

废钢铁是我国物资回收与再生资源利用体系中的重要资源,也是非常重要的战略性资源,是钢铁工业最主要的两种原料之一(另一种是铁矿石)。与铁矿石相比,废钢铁更符合绿色可持续发展的需要和钢铁行业超低排放政策的要求,未来废钢铁资源在钢铁工业发展中的重要性可能会不断提升。着重探讨了未来10年废钢铁资源产生量的变化趋势,以及对钢铁工业原料结构变化的影响。未来中国的废钢铁资源可能不仅能满足自身钢铁工业发展的需要,同时也可能为世界钢铁工业的发展提供重要的原料。     

解读《关于深入推进重点行业清洁生产审核工作的通知》

2020年10月16日,生态环境部和国家发改委联合发布了《关于深入推进重点行业清洁生产审核工作的通知》（环办科财〔2020〕27号）（《通知》）,以进一步加强清洁生产审核在重点行业节能减排和升级改造中的支撑作用,促进形成绿色发展方式,推动经济高质量发展。本文在分析《通知》出台的背景和意义的基础上,对清洁生产审核工作的顶层设计、模式创新、奖惩措施等方面进行梳理和解读,助力各地方深入理解《通知》精神,推动各项任务有效落实。     

To Dredge or Not

The streams, rivers, freshwater lakes, and coastal and open ocean waters of the world have been used for centuries for the disposal of municipal and industrial wastes. During the twentieth century, the range and quantities of waste materials discharged to the world's fresh and salt waters have grown progressively, increasing the potential ecological and human health impacts. The types and quantities of organic and inorganic wastes reaching the surface waters and associated sediments have increased in proportion to a region's or nation's population and industrial growth. Many of the contaminaants deliberately or inadvertently discharged to waterways are hydrophobic, are not biodegradable, or are highly resistant to degradation resulting in the accumulation of organic and inorganic substances in the waters, bottom, and suspended sediments of impacted waterways. Because of their persistence, these compounds and trace metals bioaccumulate and bioconcentreate in the aquatic organisms that occupy the affected waterway. Because many of the discharged waste materials are relatively insoluble and readily sorb to particles, the bottom and suspended sediments will commonly have higher contaminant concentrations than the associated overlying waters. Concentrations will normally decrease downstream of the contaminant source areas due to inputs and dilution by sediments and waters from cleaner tributaries. Although the sediments will normally have the higher concentrations, considerable quantities of contaminants may be found in the aqueous phase requiring not only removal of the solids, but treatment of the associated water as well. This is particularly the case when the water to solids recovered during dredging may approach 10:1. Many of the persistent contaminants impacting a nation's waterways are readily sorbed to the finer‐grained, organic rich sediments. Reaches of rivers and streams, or areas amenable to deposition of organic rich clays and silts, result in the creation of “hot spots” of contamination, localized areas where higher contaminant concentrations are found. It is these “hot spots” that are at the center of a debate over whether to dredge or leave the contaminated sediments undisturbed to allow natural attenuation to work. It is well recognized that dredging is not able to remove all of the contaminated sediments; some portion of the resuspended sediments created during the dredgirg will be dispersed downstream. The issue is whether to physically removeportions of the mass of contaminants impacting waterwa‐ys or rely on natural attenuation. Environmental dredging is expensive and many argue not worth the effort because of the lack of effective technologies that will prevent redistribution of the material resuspended as apart oJthe dredging process and management of associated water. Opponents of dredging cite natural attenuation and burial by cleaner sediments as eflective mechanisms to reduce the concentration of contaminants. Dredgingproponents argue the contaminant sources and accumulated hot spots must be removed in order to accelerate ecological recovery of the impacted waterway as well as reduce impacts to the environment and to public heulth. During thc next several years, decisions will be made by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agemy (USEPA) on whether to dredge major and minor waterways involving millions of cubic yards of contaminatedsedinaents requiring expenditures of hundreds of millions oj‐dollars by the responsible parties. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Innc.     

建筑可持续发展视角下供应链协调与社会责任共担机理研究方案架构

基于建筑全生命周期这个主线,建筑可持续发展视角下供应链协调与社会责任共担机理研究,以绿色建筑供应链运行效率为导向,以既有建筑节能改造效率为切入点,以产业链过程中各主体行为规律为基础,采用“总-分-合”的基本研究思路模式,聚焦了“主导企业驱动下绿色建筑供应链协调机理与策略、既有建筑节能改造主体社会责任共担机理、建筑废弃物再生利用产业链主体社会责任共担机理”等三部分核心内容,初步形成建筑可持续发展视角下供应链协调与社会责任共担机理的理论体系。本成果采用“总-分-合”的思路模式,基于循环经济理念和主体行为策略视角,遵循研究的学理逻辑,以研究生学位论文为基础,开展“主导企业驱动下绿色建筑供应链协调机理与策略、既有建筑节能改造主体社会责任共担机理、建筑废弃物再生利用产业链主体社会责任共担机理”3个子课题研究,从系统整体概况实施全面研究规划着手,构架了总括、绿色建筑供应链协调机理、既有建筑节能改造主体社会责任共担、建筑废弃物再生利用社会责任共担、总结等五大模块及上中下三大篇共12章的系统体系。     

Analytical determination of the suitability of different processes for the treatment of odorous waste gas

In order to determine the efficiency of different treatment systems for the reduction of odorous emissions, a gas chromatographic method followed by simultaneous mass spectrometry and olfactometry (GC-MS/O) was developed. Samples from a coffee bean roasting and a fat and oil processing plant were analyzed, respectively. The results were compared with the data obtained by olfactometric measurements. At a coffee bean roasting plant, cooling gases were analyzed prior to and after treatment in a full scale bioscrubber. The GC-MS/O analysis showed that the amounts of aldehydes and ketones decreased after treatment of cooling gases of coffee bean roasting in the bioscrubber, whereas the contents of the heterocyclic compounds, like pyridine and the pyrazines, and acetophenone and guaiacol remained almost unchanged. The amounts of dimethyl disulfide, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, and the carboxylic acids increased after bioscrubber treatment. Furthermore, the performance of each stage of a combined experimental plant for the treatment of exhaust air of fat and oil processing was investigated. This treatment plant consisted of a bioscrubber, a biofilter, and an activated carbon adsorber. The important odor-active compounds of the exhaust air of fat and oil processing were the typical fat oxidation products (aldehydes, ketones) and with lower importance 2-pentylfuran, a few terpenes and aromates. Again, the key odor-active compounds, aldehydes and ketones, were degraded in the bioscrubber. Further degradation of aliphatic, unsaturated, methylated, and cyclic alkanes, as well as aromates, terpenes, and furans by the biofilter was observed. After the last treatment stage, the activated carbon filter, only small amounts of aliphatic, unsaturated, methylated, and cyclic alkanes and aromates remained in the waste gas. For both applications, the results of the developed GC-MS/O method correlated very well with olfactometric measurements.     

Element partitioning in combustion- and gasification-based waste-to-energy units

A critical comparison between combustion- and gasification-based waste-to-energy systems needs a deep knowledge of the mass flows of materials and elements inside and throughout the units. The study collected and processed data from several moving grate conventional incinerators and high-temperature shaft gasifiers with direct melting, which are in operation worldwide. A material and substance flow analysis was then developed to systematically assess the flows and stocks of materials and elements within each waste-to-energy unit, by connecting the sources, pathways, and intermediate and final sinks of each species. The patterns of key elements, such as carbon, chloride and heavy metals, in the different solid and gaseous output streams of the two compared processes have been then defined. The combination of partitioning coefficients with the mass balances on atomic species and results of mineralogical characterization from recent literatures was used to estimate a composition of bottom ashes and slags from the two types of waste-to-energy technologies. The results also allow to quantify some of the performance parameters of the units and, in particular, the potential reduction of the amount of solid residues to be sent to final disposal.     

Characterizing soils contaminated with heavy metals: A uranium contamination case study

To stem rising remediation costs for soils contaminated with hazardous metals, increased emphasis is being placed on the development of in-situ and ex-situ treatment technologies. Often, a lack of basic information on the chemical and physical characteristics of the soil and contaminants hampers treatability studies used to design these technologies. This article proposes and demonstrates a characterization program to meet these information needs, employing standard analytical techniques coupled with advanced spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. To support treatments involving physical separation strategies, the program uses standard analytical techniques to characterize the soil and the association of contaminants with different soil fractions (e.g., size and density fractions). Where chemical treatments are required, spectroscopy and microscopy methods are employed to yield quantitative information on the oxidation state and speciation of the contaminant. Examples demonstrate the use of measured soil and contaminant characteristics in the screening of alternative treatment technologies and in the selection of soils for use in treatability studies. Also demonstrated is the use of these characterization tools in the design and optimization of treatment strategies and in support of risk assessment determinations.     

关于CCUS技术发展与标准建设的思考

我国CCUS技术发展，迫切需要政策制度的积极引导和技术标准的强力支撑。阐述了我国发展CCUS技术的基本原则和相关政策；跟踪了国内外CCUS技术发展动态及其标准研究现状；重点分析了美国及欧盟在CCS相关政策、法规和标准方面的主要成果；依据我国CCUS发展规划和技术发展路线图，提出了我国CCUS技术发展与标准建设的相关建议。     

无患子皂苷与柠檬酸协同洗脱污染土壤中镉铅

以某废弃铅锌矿区重金属污染土壤为研究对象,采用无患子皂苷与柠檬酸（CA）协同洗脱污染土壤中的Cd和Pb。以无患子果皮投加量为20 g/L所得水浸提液和浓度为0.3 mol/L的CA配制复配淋洗剂。在浸提液中添加CA后,能有效提高对土壤中Pb的去除率。在浸提液和CA的体积比为1∶3、淋洗剂pH为5、淋洗时间为12.0 h的条件下,复配淋洗剂对Cd和Pb的去除率分别为75.2%和41.6%。双常数方程和Elovich方程均可较好描述复配淋洗剂对污染土壤中Cd和Pb的淋洗过程,表明Cd和Pb的解吸主要为非均相扩散过程。复合淋洗剂能有效降低土壤中Cd的可交换态和Pb的铁锰氧化态含量,并可促进重金属形态的转变。     

Long‐Term Contaminant Trends at the Picillo Farm Superfund Site in Rhode Island

Environmental disasters, such as the infamous Love Canal site or the Valley of Drums, have taken many years and consumed billions of dollars to investigate and remediate. In consequence, a large amount of geologic and hydrologic information has been gathered over the past few decades. Because of the difficulties involved with compiling this information, scientists and professionals rarely use the data to investigate the unique long‐term databases. This article presents for the first time the compilation of chemical fate and transport data from the Picillo Farm Superfund site in Rhode Island. The data cover a quarter of a century worth of geologic, hydrogeologic, and geochemical information and indicate significant changes in the contaminant inventory and the center of mass contaminant location over time. Many of these changes would have been missed if a data set of shorter duration were evaluated. Thus, compiling and evaluating data collected over many years can be extremely valuable in understanding the fate and transport of contaminants and determining the effectiveness of remediation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

家用厨余垃圾处理机关键零部件结构设计及有限元分析

在现有厨余垃圾粉碎直排工艺上进行改进,变为将日常餐厨垃圾粉碎、脱水、收集的处理流程,达到避免环境污染和资源二次利用的目的。基于厨余垃圾各个组分的特性分析,以模塑螺旋挤出压缩和压榨固液分离的原理为指导,对变螺距变轴径特制螺杆的结构进行设计。基于有限元方法对变径变距螺杆进行了刚度、强度、循环寿命以及模态振动分析,仿真结果表明均达到设计要求。对设计模型进行实物加工并开展实验论证,对厨余垃圾组成种类进行分析并进行单因素破碎实验,七类厨余垃圾能得到有效破碎,处理产物粒度在2~3 mm,达到预期期望;对常规混合状态厨余垃圾以梯度体积进行分组验证日常实际处理情况,处理结果表明,脱水率达到51%,体积缩减率达75%,餐厨垃圾处理的实用性得以保证。     

Simplified heating time calculation using the Schmidt graphical method for PCB-contaminated capacitors undergoing the vacuum thermal recycling process

We discuss the use of the Schmidt graphical method to calculate the time required to heat a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated capacitor in the vacuum thermal recycling process to the processing temperature of 400°C, and we evaluate the results of the heating time calculation by comparing the calculated values with the corresponding experimental values. The thermal conductivity and specific heat of the insulating paper and the carbonized paper in the capacitor were unknown, so we determined their values from experimental data obtained during the vacuum thermal recycling process. The capacitor element is a multilamination of aluminum foil and insulating paper, so we used an equation for a multilayer plane wall to calculate the value of the thermal conductivity. For the thermal conductivity and specific heat of the insulating paper impregnated with PCBs, we used values calculated from the mass ratios and thermal conductivities and specific heats of the individual materials. In addition, the physical properties vary according to the treatment because of the evaporation of PCBs and the carbonization of the insulating paper, so we modified the values of the thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density at the boiling point of the PCB and the carbonization point of the insulating paper before performing the calculations. Our calculated heating times were almost the same as, or were above, the experimental values, so we concluded that our method can be used as a simple calculation of the heating time.     

Adsorption of SO2 and NO from incineration flue gas onto activated carbon fibers

Activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were used to remove SO(2) and NO from incineration flue gas. Three types of ACFs in their origin state and after pretreatment with HNO(3), NaOH, and KOH were investigated. The removal efficiencies of SO(2) and NO were determined experimentally at defined SO(2) and NO concentrations and at temperatures of 150, 200 and 260 degrees C. Experimental results indicated that the removal efficiencies of SO(2) and NO using the original ACFs were <56% and <27%, respectively. All ACFs modified with HNO(3), NaOH, and KOH solution could increase the removal efficiencies of SO(2) and NO. The mesopore volumes and functional groups of ACFs are important in determining the removal of SO(2) and NO. When the mesopore volumes of the ACFs are insufficient for removing SO(2) and NO, the functional groups on the ACFs are not important in determining the removal of SO(2) and NO. On the contrary, the effects of the functional groups on the removal of SO(2) and NO are more important than the mesopore volumes as the amount of mesopores on the ACFs is sufficient to remove SO(2) and NO. Moreover, the removal efficiencies of SO(2) and NO were greatest at 200 degrees C. When the inlet concentration of SO(2) increased to 600ppm, the removal efficiency of SO(2) increased slightly and the removal efficiency of NO decreased.     

Experimental study of rubber tire aggregates effect on compressive and dynamic load-bearing properties of cylindrical concrete specimens

Sustainable development has become a major focus for engineers and planners as part of their collective efforts in finding, developing and integrating environmental-friendly solutions for material recycling and waste management into design and construction of civil engineering infrastructure. In the past three decades, there has been an increase in recycling and application of waste materials into the concrete to decrease costs and improve material properties of the concrete. Significant growth in automobile manufacturing industry and increased rubber tire supply for vehicles suggested the application of waste tire particles as concrete aggregates to minimize the ecological footprint of the rubber tire waste due to its recycling process difficulties. In this paper, the effect of rubber tire particles on compressive and dynamic strength of concrete specimens with different particle percentiles was tested on more than 55 cylindrical specimens. To achieve the optimal mix design properties of rubber tire concrete specimens, both fine and coarse aggregates got replaced by fine and coarse rubber particles. Introduction of rubber tire particles as coarse and fine aggregate reduces the brittleness of the concrete and provides more flexible aggregate bonding which ultimately improves the dynamic resistance of the concrete. It increases the concrete workability and provides environmental-friendly and cost-effective solutions in using recycled materials for concrete construction applications.     

炼厂浮渣的超声强化脱水处理

针对炼厂浮渣乳化严重、脱水减量困难的问题,采用超声—离心分离工艺对其进行强化脱水处理。比较了单独离心、絮凝—离心和超声—离心3种方式对浮渣的脱水效果,考察了超声时间和超声温度对浮渣脱水效果的影响,表征了超声处理前后浮渣的微观结构,探讨了超声强化脱水的机理。实验结果表明:在未加任何药剂、超声频率25 kHz、超声功率240 W、超声时间5 min、超声温度30℃的最佳工艺条件下,浮渣脱水率为89.68%,较单独离心和絮凝—离心工艺分别提高了7.77和2.99百分点,底泥含水率为82.94%。表征结果显示:超声机械振动作用破坏了固体颗粒空隙和内部沟壑结构,降低了对油滴的吸附,促进了油滴凝并,实现了原油轻质化,说明超声作用可促进浮渣脱水。     

Effect of seasonal changes in quantities of biowaste on full scale anaerobic digester performance

A 750,000l digester located in Roppen/Austria was studied over a 2-year period. The concentrations and amounts of CH4, H2, CO2 and H2S and several other process parameters like temperature, retention time, dry weight and input of substrate were registered continuously. On a weekly scale the pH and the concentrations of NH4+ -N and volatile fatty acids (acetic, butyric, iso-butyric, propionic, valeric and iso-valeric acid) were measured. The data show a similar pattern of seasonal gas production over 2 years of monitoring. The consumption of VFA and not the hydrogenotrophic CH4 production appeared to be the limiting factor for the investigated digestion process. Whereas the changes in pH and the concentrations of most VFA did not correspond with changes in biogas production, the ratio of acetic to propionic acid and the concentration of H2 appeared to be useful indicators for reactor performance. However, the most influential factors for the anaerobic digestion process were the amount and the quality of input material, which distinctly changed throughout the year.     

双极膜电渗析技术处理稀土钠皂化废水回收液

采用双极膜电渗析（BMED）技术处理稀土钠皂化废水回收液，使回收液中的氯化钠转化为氢氧化钠溶液（简称碱）和盐酸（简称酸）而回用。考察了电流和初始酸碱浓度对膜对电压、回收的酸和碱的浓度、电流效率和能耗的影响。实验结果表明，随电流的增大，膜对电压升高，回收的酸和碱的浓度也明显增加，电流效率和能耗均提高;随初始酸碱浓度的增加，膜对电压、电流效率和能耗均下降，回收的酸和碱的浓度逐渐增加;综合考虑各方面因素并侧重考虑回收的酸和碱的浓度，本实验适宜的工艺条件为：电流25 A、初始酸碱浓度0.3 mol/L。在此条件下反应150 min，回收酸的浓度为1.24 mol/L，回收碱的浓度为1.55 mol/L。