活性艳蓝X-BR降解菌的筛选

从某印染厂废水排放出口的污泥中分离到一株活性艳蓝X-BR染料高效降解菌LPY68-14,经生理生化鉴定,该菌为埃希氏菌(Escherichia sp.).研究了影响菌株LPY68-14降解效果的因素,实验结果表明:在缺氧、质量分数为0.2%葡萄糖为外加碳源、温度37℃、接种量4 mL、pH 7的最佳条件下,质量浓度为30 mg/L的活性艳蓝X-BR经菌株LPY68-14处理24 h后的降解率可达80%;当活性艳蓝X-BR质量浓度为100～400 mg/L时,该菌处理48 h后的降解率可稳定在70%左右.     

链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)对吡啶的降解特性

从焦化废水的活性污泥中分离出对溶液中吡啶具有降解效果的链霉菌（Streptomyces sp．），考察了吡啶初始质量浓度、初始pH、降解温度、振荡速度等对吡啶降解效果的影响，初步探讨了该菌降解吡啶的动力学与机理。实验结果表明，该菌对吡啶有很强的耐受力，能以吡啶为惟一碳源和氮源生长。链霉菌在初始pH=8、降解温度30℃、振荡速度100r／min的条件下培养7d后，吡啶的质量浓度从250mg/L降至6．6mg/L，吡啶降解率达97．4％。该菌对吡啶的降解反应符合一级动力学方程，初始质量浓度为100mg／L时的吡啶降解速率常数为0．4011d^-1。紫外一可见光谱分析表明，吡啶经该菌降解后的特征环被破坏。     

一株吡啶降解菌的筛选及其降解性能

以吡啶为唯一碳源,从焦化厂活性污泥中分离得到一株对吡啶具有高效降解能力的菌株B1,对其进行了菌种鉴定。通过单因素实验研究了菌株B1适宜的降解条件,对反应过程进行了动力学拟合,并考察了菌株B1对焦化废水中吡啶的降解效果。实验结果表明:菌株B1为革兰氏阴性菌,属于不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.);菌株B1适宜的降解条件为降解温度30℃、初始pH为7、摇床转速150 r/min;菌株B1对吡啶的降解过程符合零级反应动力学模型,当初始吡啶质量浓度为300 mg/L时,降解速率常数最高达到21.103 mg/(L·h);用菌株B1对初始吡啶质量浓度为430 mg/L的实际焦化废水处理74 h后,吡啶降解率可达74.26%。     

长链烷烃降解菌C6的鉴定及性能研究

从含油活性污泥中筛选出一株长链烷烃降解菌C6,进行了菌种鉴定,考察了该菌对正十六烷及柴油和石蜡的混合物的降解能力,并对由菌株C6产生的生物表面活性剂进行了鉴定。实验结果表明:该菌为鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacterbaumannii);对液体培养基中质量浓度为1 000 mg/L的正十六烷降解48 h后,降解率接近100%,降解动力学曲线的拟合结果符合Monod模型;对液体培养基中质量浓度为1 000 mg/L的柴油和石蜡的混合物降解96 h后,降解率达93%;菌株C6产生的生物表面活性剂经FTIR分析鉴定为磷脂类表面活性剂,排油圈直径为60 mm,临界胶束质量浓度约为25 mg/L,可将水的表面张力降至27.09 mN/m。     

镰刀菌HJ01对对氯苯酚的降解特性

采用实验室分离的一株镰刀菌HJ01,以对氯苯酚(4-CP)为降解底物,以蔗糖为外加碳源,考察了蔗糖质量浓度、降解温度、初始pH对4-CP降解效果的影响,初步探讨了镰刀菌HJ01对4-CP的降解动力学和降解机理.实验结果表明:该菌株能以4-CP为惟一碳源和能源生长;在外加蔗糖为碳源,蔗糖质量浓度为3 g/L、降解温度为30℃、初始pH为8的条件下,50 mg/L4-CP能在6 d内被完全降解.以4-CP为惟一碳源和外加蔗糖下的降解动力学分别符合Haldane模型和一级动力学方程.     

2,5-二氟硝基苯的厌氧降解特性

考察了2,5-二氟硝基苯(2,5-DFNB)的厌氧降解特性及F~-对其厌氧降解过程的影响。实验结果表明:当初始2,5-DFNB质量浓度为5~100 mg/L时,随着降解时间的延长,2,5-DFNB对厌氧消化产甲烷的抑制效应逐渐减弱直至消失;在厌氧降解过程中,2,5-DFNB的降解基本无延滞期,但仅发生了硝基转化,并未实现还原脱氟;2,5-DFNB的厌氧降解动力学符合Andrews模型,最大比降解速率、底物饱和常数、底物抑制常数分别为5.9 mg/(g·h),67.7 mg/L,1 299.6 mg/L;质量浓度为10~80 mg/L的F~-对2,5-DFNB厌氧降解过程影响甚小,而质量浓度大于100 mg/L时则产生了较严重的抑制作用。     

黄孢原毛平革菌的生长及降解石油条件的优化

在限氮振荡的条件下研究了藜芦醇、Tween-80、草酸、H2O2对黄孢原毛平革菌(P.C.菌)的生长量和石油降解性能的影响。实验结果表明:藜芦醇质量浓度低于0.05 g/L时促进P.C.菌的生长,高质量浓度时抑制P.C.菌的生长,石油降解率随藜芦醇质量浓度增加先升高后下降;Tween-80质量浓度低于7 mg/L时,P.C.菌生长量和石油降解率均随Tween-80质量浓度增大而增加,Tween-80质量浓度大于其临界胶束浓度时,P.C.菌生长量和石油降解率均低于未加Tween-80时;添加草酸抑制P.C.菌的生长,草酸质量浓度为35 mg/L时石油降解率最高,草酸质量浓度为350 mg/L时石油降解率低于未加草酸时;加入H2O2的体系中,石油降解率明显高于无H2O2体系。     

制革废水中好氧反硝化菌的筛选及其特性

从制革废水中分离得到1株好氧反硝化菌ZY1,并对ZY1的反硝化能力进行了研究。通过16S rDNA序列分析,确定ZY1为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。在初始NO2--N质量浓度为80 mg/L、DO为5.7 mg/L、废水温度为30℃、废水pH为8.0、废水中Cr3+质量浓度为110 mg/L、反应时间为24 h的条件下,ZY1菌对NO2--N的降解率大于98%。     

镰刀菌HJ01对苯酚的降解性能

为了研究真菌对苯酚的降解能力，采用本实验室分离的一株镰刀菌HJ01，考察了外加碳源、降解体系初始pH、温度对HJ01菌体生长量和苯酚降解效果的影响，初步探讨了镰刀菌降解苯酚的动力学与机理。实验结果表明，该菌能以苯酚为惟一碳源生长，添加适量的蔗糖可促进HJ01菌体的生长及苯酚的降解。在蔗糖加入量为3g／L、降解体系初始pH为6．0、温度为30℃的最佳条件下，经HJ01菌处理4d后的质量浓度为420mg／L苯酚废水中的苯酚完全降解。镰刀菌的生长和苯酚降解动力学符合Andrews模型。     

高效降解菌处理高浓度焦化废水

为了解决高浓度焦化废水不经稀释无法直接处理的问题，将HENGJIE高效混合菌制剂和粉末活性炭加入O1AO2废水处理系统中，进行焦化废水的中试试验。试验结果表明，该方法可对未经稀释的高浓度焦化废水直接进行处理，且系统启动快，菌种对污染物的降解效率较高。在O1段水力停留时间为20h、A段水力停留时间为35h、O2段水力停留时间为25h的条件下，经过20d的连续运行后，使进水COD由5435．7mg／L（平均值）降至出水COD369．3mg／L（平均值），COD去除率为93．17％；使进水中NH3-N平均质量浓度由67．80mg／L降至出水中NH3-N平均质量浓度1．04mg／L，NH3-N去除率为98．18％，废水色度为100～200。除废水COD与色度外，其他检测项目均可达到废水一级排放标准。     

北京市居民衣服消费处置及对其回收利用认识调查与分析

首先对北京市居民每年购买新衣服的数量、支出、穿着时间、淘汰原因,以及闲置衣服的处理方式、数量等进行了调查与分析,然后对北京市居民对旧衣物回收利用的认识、回收形式及其处理方式,对旧衣物如何处理回收、再利用的担忧,对希望旧衣物回收箱摆放的场所等进行了调查与分析。其研究结果对废旧纺织品回收体系建设、制度及政策制定具有一定的参考价值。     

Pyrolysis of virgin and waste polypropylene and its mixtures with waste polyethylene and polystyrene

A comparison of waste and virgin polypropylene (PP) plastics under slow pyrolysis conditions is presented. Moreover, mixtures of waste PP with wastes of polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) were pyrolyzed under the same operating conditions. Not only the impact of waste on degradation products but also impacts of the variations in the mixing ratio were investigated. The thermogravimetric weight loss curves and their derivatives of virgin and waste PP showed differences due to the impurities which are dirt and food residues. The liquid yield distribution concerning the aliphatic, mono-aromatic and poly-aromatic compounds varies as the ratio of PP waste increases in the waste plastic mixtures. In addition to this, the alkene/alkane ratio of gas products shows variations depending on the mixing ratio of wastes.     

Photo-oxidation and Photo-toxicity of Crude and Refined Oils

The fate and effects of an oil spill are effected by solar radiation through the action of photo-oxidation and photo-toxicity. Photo-oxidation, an important process in the weathering of oil, produces a variety of oxidized compounds, including aliphatic and aromatic ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, esters, epoxides, sulfoxides, sulfones, phenols, anhydrides, quinones and aliphatic and aromatic alcohols. Some of these compounds contribute to the marine biota toxicity observed after an oil spill. Photo-toxicity occurs when uptake of certain petroleum compounds, e.g. certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzothiophenes, is followed by solar exposure which results in much greater toxicity than after dark uptake. The mechanism of PAH photo-toxicity includes absorbance of solar radiation by the PAH which produces a free radical and this free radical in turn reacts with oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA and other cellular macromolecules. While most studies on photo-toxicity have been carried out in the laboratory, there are studies showing that water from an oil spill is photo-toxic to bivalve embryos for at least a few days after the spill. Other studies have found that oil contaminated sediments are photo-toxic to several marine invertebrates. More studies are required to determine if marine fauna at an oil spill site are effected by the action of photo-toxicity and photo-oxidation.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyols and Polyurethane Foams from PET Waste and Crude Glycerol

In this study, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste from post-consumer soft-drink bottles and crude glycerol from the biodiesel industry were used for the preparation of polyols and polyurethane foams. PET waste was firstly depolymerized by the glycolysis of diethylene glycol. The glycolyzed PET oligomers were then reacted with crude glycerol at different weight ratios to produce polyols via a series of reactions, such as esterification, transesterification, condensation, and polycondensation. The polyols were characterized by titration, viscometry, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry. Subsequently, polyurethane (PU) foams were made via the reaction between the produced polyols and polymeric methylene-4,4′-diphenyl diisocyanate and were characterized by mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Polyols from crude glycerol and their PU foams were also prepared to compare properties with those of polyols and PU foams from PET and crude glycerol. The influence of aromatic segments existing in glycolyzed PET and glycerol content on the properties of the polyols and PU foams was investigated. It was found that aromatic segments of polyols from glycolyzed PET helped increase their molecular weights and improve thermal stability of PU foams, while high glycerol content in polyols increased the hydroxyl number of polyols and the density and compressive strength of PU foams.     

电厂建设运行中的水土流失预测与水土保持设计

在燃煤电厂建设运行的同时,将引起一系列的水土流失问题.以四川国电金堂电厂二期扩建工程为例,简要说明项目区水土流失预测的内容和方法,并在其基础上对可能产生的水土流失和危害进行了分析,同时介绍了建设期和运行期采取的综合防治措施,为类似工程的水土保持提供借鉴.     

磷对环境的污染及防治对策

我国水体富营养化严重，其主要控制因子是磷。在分析磷污染的污染状况，污染源的基础上，介绍了防治对策，采用低磷循环冷却水处理剂，减少磷排放，是防止工业磷污染的有效方法。     

Novel and innovative pyrolysis and gasification technologies for energy efficient and environmentally sound MSW disposal

Within the context of European Union (EU) energy policy and sustainibility in waste management, recent EU regulations demand energy efficient and environmentally sound disposal methods of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Currently, landfill with its many drawbacks is the preferred option in the EU and many other industrialised countries. Within the waste management hierarchy thermal disposal especially incineration is a viable and proven alternative. But, the dominating method, mass-burn grate incineration has drawbacks as well particularly hazardous emissions and harmful process residues. In recent years, pyrolysis and gasification technologies have emerged to address these issues and improve the energy output. To keep the many players in the field comprehensively informed and up-to-date, novel and innovative technology approaches emphasising European developments are reviewed.     

Laboratory Experiments and Estimation of Cumulative Infiltration and Sorptivity

Soil water cumulative infiltration affects the environment by controlling the irrigation rate and consequently the water and pollutants movement through the ground. In order to study the cumulative infiltration in a sandy soil sample, experiments were performed in the laboratory. The sample was placed uniformly in a transparent column with an inner diameter of 6 cm. A constant head boundary condition of a 2 mm height was applied on the surface of the sample and the cumulative volume of the incoming water was measured. Soil moisture at four locations of the column was measured, by using the TDR method in order to obtain the moisture profiles. By comparing the values of the infiltrated water volumes with those calculated by the integration of the moisture profiles, a good agreement was found out. Also the Parlange theoretical model fitted very well with the infiltration experimental points.     

微生物絮凝剂及其在水处理中的应用

近年来对微生物絮凝剂的研究不断深入，新的高效菌种不断被发现。简要介绍了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理、分关、絮凝效果及影响因素，重点介绍了新型微生物絮凝剂在水处理中的应用。     

硫磺回收装置扩能改造及效果分析

介绍了回收酸性气体生产硫磺的工艺原理与工艺流程,论述了影响硫磺回收装置生产能力的诸多因素与扩能改造的情况。扩能改造后,该装置的酸性气体处理量平均为976m^3／h,瞬时处理量可达1200m^3／h,硫磺的生产能力从4450t／a提高到7500t／a,生产能力提高了68．5％,装置总硫回收率达到93．5％。