催化氧化法处理DSD酸废水的催化剂研制

以金属Cu,Fe,Mn,Mo为主要活性组分,以γ—Al2O3为载体制备催化剂,在高温高压下催化氧化处理DSD酸废水,探讨了活性组分配比、焙烧温度对催化剂催化活性与稳定性的影响。实验结果表明,催化剂Fe—Mn／γ-Al2O3的催化效果好,金属离子溶出量低,且连续使用效果好,经处理后DSD酸氧化废水中的COD去除率达97．5％。     

混凝-催化氧化法预处理氨基C酸生产废水

采用混凝-催化氧化组合工艺预处理氨基C酸生产废水，考察了混凝剂加入量、废水pH、氧化剂加入量、反应时间和催化剂的重复使用次数等因素对废水处理效果的影响。混凝-催化氧化法预处理氨基C酸生产废水的最佳工艺条件为：质量分数为10％的FeSO4溶液作混凝剂，加入量为250InL／L；质量分数为1％的ClO2溶液作氧化剂，加入量为75mL／L；Ni／AC作催化剂，加入量为40g/L；废水pH为3．2；催化氧化反应时间为60min。在该条件下，废水的COD去除率可达78．4％，BOD，／COD由原来的0．076提高到0．292，可生化性得到明显改善。Ni／AC催化剂连续使用7次后仍保持稳定的催化活性。经济性初步分析表明，1t废水的处理成本约为16元。     

高浓度难降解有机物废水的处理方法

高浓度难降解有机物废水（COD为3000～200000mg／L）在间歇式微波反应器内（温度为110～200℃，压力为0．3～1．6MPa）进行催化氧化，用氧气或空气作主要氧化剂，用经过水中浮选且能漂浮在液体表面上的活性炭作催化剂（加入量为废水质量的4％～30％）。当废水COD小于10000mg／L时，采用一次性处理；当废水COD为10000～200000mg／L时，     

改性粉煤灰吸附-高级氧化法处理奥里油废水

将氯化铁改性粉煤灰（简称改性粉煤灰）吸附处理与高级氧化和生物处理等技术进行优化组合，以期得到简便而有效的处理奥里油废水（简称废水）的组合工艺。研究结果表明：在废水COD平均为4600mg／L、改性粉煤灰加入量为50g／L、废水pH为7～9、吸附时间为1h的条件下，COD去除率达30％。采用“改性粉煤灰一次吸附-湿式均相催化氧化-厌氧生物过程-改性粉煤灰二次吸附”组合工艺处理废水时，改性粉煤灰不但具有较好的预处理效果，且还有较好的后处理能力；湿式均相催化氧化的催化剂用量少（Cu（NO3）2为2．0g／L）、操作条件温和（2．5MPa，180℃，pH5—7，1h）；厌氧生物过程中不需特殊筛选的菌种，易操作控制；经该组合工艺处理后，废水COD从4600mg／L降至55mg／L，COD去除率为98．4％，达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》的一级排放标准。     

铁炭微电解-Fenton试剂氧化法预处理广灭灵及丙草胺废水

采用铁炭微电解～Fenton试剂氧化法预处理广灭灵和丙草胺废水（简称废水），考察了H2O2加入量、高浓度废水COD对废水处理效果的影响，进行了连续流废水处理实验。实验结果表明：Fenton试剂氧化反应的废水处理效果明显好于铁炭微电解反应；铁炭微电解对COD的去除率可达60．6％，Fenton试剂氧化反应后COD的总去除率可达72．3％；连续流废水处理效果差于静态实验。处理后，低浓度废水的BOD，／COD从0．28～0．32增至0．47，高浓度废水的BOD，／COD从0．39增至0．47。     

活性炭/H2O2催化氧化-絮凝法预处理化工有机废水

用活性炭作催化剂、H2O2作氧化剂催化氧化预处理高浓度化工有机废水，考察了各种因素对COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明，在H2O2加入量为0．8mL／L、活性炭与H2O2质量比为0．7、废水pH为4的条件下，反应120min后，调废水pH至8，加入絮凝剂聚合氯化铝进行絮凝沉淀，废水COD去除率达70％以上，色度去除率达80％以上。通过色谱-质谱仪对处理前后废水中的有机物进行分析，初步探讨了活性炭／H2O2催化氧化-絮凝法预处理化工有机废水的作用机理。     

含氯苯和对邻硝基氯苯农药废水的混凝一氧化预处理

采用混凝沉淀－芬顿试剂对氧化对含氯苯和对邻硝基氯苯农药废水进行预处理，探讨了不同条件下农药废水的处理效果。结果表明：废水经混凝处理后可去除46．2％的COD，BOD5／COD值有一定程度的提高；废水经芬顿试剂氧化处理后可去除50．9％的COD，BOD5／COD值可从0．04提高到0．16。     

干法腈纶废水处理技术

采用铁碳内电解-混凝沉淀预处理工艺处理干法腈纶废水。废水pH为4左右，经内电解反应2h，出水用聚合硫酸铁和阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺混凝沉淀1．5h后，废水的COD由1650mg／L降到1310mg／L，去除率为20．6％，BOD5／COD由原来的0．27提高到0．38。然后再采用水解酸化-好氧生化一生物硝化工艺处理预处理出水，最终出水COD为148mg／L，BOD，为16mg／L，氨氮质量浓度为13mg／L，SS质量浓度小于100mg／L，出水水质达到腈纶行业一级排放标准。     

负载型金属催化剂的制备及印染废水的催化氧化处理

采用浸渍沉淀法制备负载型金属催化剂，考察了载体种类、活性组分种类、活性组分配比（n（Fe2+）∶n（Mn2+））、浸渍液浓度（以Mn2+计）、煅烧温度和煅烧时间对催化剂性能的影响。实验结果表明：活性炭负载FexOy-MnOx型催化剂具有较高的活性；将在浸渍液浓度0.5 mol/L（以Mn2+计）、n（Fe2+）∶n（Mn2+）=1∶2、煅烧温度250 ℃，煅烧时间8 h条件下制备的催化剂用于印染废水（COD=584 mg/L、色度500倍）的处理，在臭氧流量0.8 L/min、废水pH 7、催化剂加入量40 g/L、反应时间60 min的条件下，印染废水COD的去除率为83.2%；该催化剂具有良好的稳定性，连续使用6次后的COD去除率仍可达到61.1%。     

Fenton氧化-生物接触氧化工艺处理甲醛和乌洛托品废水

采用Fenton氧化一生物接触氧化工艺处理含甲醛和乌洛托品的模拟废水（简称废水），在H2O2（体积分数30％）加入量2．5g／L、H2O2与Fe^2＋质量浓度比3．75、反应时间3h、不调节废水初始pH的Fenton氧化预处理最佳操作条件下，废水COD从1000mg／L左右降至300mg／L，COD去除率达72％。原废水完全无法直接进行生化处理，经Fenton氧化预处理后其BOD，／COD约为0．5，易于生化处理。Fenton氧化一生物接触氧化工艺处理废水，生物接触氧化停留时间为12h时，废水COD去除率高达94％，处理后出水COD小于70mg／L，处理效果很好。     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Selection of Autochthonous Plant Species from SE Spain for Soil Lead Phytoremediation Purposes

Mining activity in SE of Spain, in the west Mediterranean coast, originated more than two millenniums ago. It has generated huge areas affected by heavy metals contamination, especially of lead, which is possibly one of the most important. Investigations related to the selection of autochthonous plant taxa from a typical Spanish Mediterranean area, useful for phytoextraction and phytostabilization purposes in these polluted areas are shown. Under these edaphoclimatic conditions 12 interesting species were considered, from them six taxa were chosen for further studies. Some plant species have been proposed either for phytoextraction or phytostabilization purposes. Recommendations for further research have been discussed.     

Concentrations and Pools of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils in Stockholm,Sweden

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb andZn) and arsenic (As) were surveyed and the metal pools estimatedin soils in Stockholm Municipality. The sampling sites were distributed all over the entire municipality with a higher sampling density in the city centre. Soils were sampled to a maximum depth of 25 to 60 cm. Soil texture, total-C content, electrical conductivity and pH were analysed. Heavy metal concentrations were determined after wet digestion with boiling7 M HNO₃.The results showed a wide range in heavy metal concentrations, as well as in other soil properties. The city centre soils constituted a rather homogeneous group whereas outside this areano geographical zones could be distinguished. These soils were grouped based on present land use, i.e. undisturbed soils, public parks, wasteland (mainly former industrial areas), and roadside soils. The city centre and wasteland soils generally hadenhanced heavy metal concentrations to at least 30 cm depth compared to park soils outside the city centre and rural (arable)soils in the region, which were used to estimate background levels. For example, the mean Hg concentration was 0.9 (max 3.3)mg kg^-1 soil at 0–5 cm and 1.0 (max 2.9) at 30 cm depth in the city centre soils, while the background level was 0,04 mg kg^-1. Corresponding values for Pb were 104 (max 444) and135 (max 339) mg kg^-1, at 0–5 and 30 cm, respectively, while the background level was 17 mg kg^-1.The average soil pools (0–30 cm depth) of Cu, Pb and Zn were 21,38 and 58 g m^-2 respectively, which for Pb was 3–4 timeshigher and for Cu and Zn 1.5–2 times higher than the backgroundlevel. The total amount of accumulated metals (down to 30 cm)in the city centre soils (4.5^*10 ⁶ m² public gardens and green areas) was estimated at 80, 1.1, 120 and 40 t for Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, respectively. The study showed (1) thatfrom a metal contamination point of view, more homogeneous soilgroups were obtained based on present land use than on geographicdistance to the city centre, (2) the importance of establishing a background level in order to quantify the degree of contamination, and (3) soil samples has to be taken below the surface layer (and deeper than 30 cm) in order to quantify theaccumulated metal pools in urban soils.     

Effect of Coconut, Sisal and Jute Fibers on the Properties of Starch/Gluten/Glycerol Matrix

Coconut, sisal and jute fibers were added as reinforcement materials in a biodegradable polymer matrix comprised of starch/gluten/glycerol. The content of fibers used in the composites varied from 5% to 30% by weight of the total polymers (starch and gluten). Materials were processed in a Haake torque rheometer (120 °C, 50 rpm) for 6 min. The mixtures obtained were molded by heat compression and further characterized. Addition of lignocellulosic fibers in the matrix decreased the water absorption at equilibrium. The diffusion coefficient decreased sharply around 5% fiber concentration, and further fiber additions caused only small variations. The thermogravimetric (TG) analysis revealed improved thermal stability of matrix upon addition of fibers. The Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile strength increased with fiber content in the matrix. The storage modulus increased with increasing fiber content, whereas tanδ curves decreased, confirming the reinforcing effect of the fibers. Morphology of the composites analyzed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) exhibited good interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the added fibers. Matrix degraded rapidly in compost, and addition of increased amounts of coconut fiber in the matrix caused a slowdown the biodegradability of the matrix. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.     

Quantification of Polymerisation Processes During The Oxidative Degradation of 14C-Labelled Chlorophenols

In experiments employing the lignocellulose-decaying basidiomycetes Trametes versicolor and Stropharia rugosoannulata degrading uniformly¹⁴C-labelled 2,4-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol, acombination of size exclusion chromatography (SEC),fractionation, and -scintillation counting wasapplied to quantify polymerisation products formed duringchlorophenol degradation. Time-dependent mass balances weregenerated by analysis of ¹⁴C in polymerisation products,CO₂, as well as monomer non-polar and polar metabolites.Approximately 30% of the chlorophenols were found to bepolymerised. A major fraction of the polymerised productscorresponded to a molecular weight range from 0.24 – 40 kDa.Only a minor fraction could be attributed to a molecularweight >40 kDa. This method proved to be useful inquantification of polymerisation products and kinetics of thepolymerisation processes, whereas UV/Vis detection ofpolymerisation products separated by SEC led to false positiveresults. The SEC-¹⁴C method could also be applied forother complex processes where polymerisation ordepolymerisation occurs (humification, degradation oflignocellulose, formation of bound residues from xenobioticssuch as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and where spectrophotometric determinationsare difficult or impossible.     

The Relative Influences of Primary and Secondary Particulates to Urban Air Quality in the United Kingdom

This study uses a combination of data from U.K. monitoringstations and from modelling undertaken with the U.K.Meteorological Office's NAME Model to investigate therelative influences of primary and secondary particulateson total PM₁₀ levels at sites in the United Kingdom. Co-located PM₁₀ and sulphate aerosol measurementsindicate that sulphate has a disproportionately largeinfluence on the variation of PM₁₀ levels incomparison to its contribution to their total mass.Comparisons of measured PM₁₀ at urban centre, roadsideand rural sites suggest that local primary sources havevery little influence on daily mean levels. NAME has beenused to model both primary particles and sulphate aerosolfrom sources across the whole of Europe. The discrepanciesbetween modelled and observed PM₁₀ suggest that coarseparticles, such as windblown dust and resuspended roaddust,may comprise a very large, if not dominant, proportion ofobserved PM₁₀ levels. The apparently minor role ofprimary particles (especially locally-sourced ones) raisesa number of issues regarding the suitability of current U.K.and European legislation to addressing the particle problem.     

Changes in Extractability of Cr and Pb in a Polycontaminated Soil After Bioaugmentation With Microbial Producers of Biosurfactants, Organic Acids and Siderophores

Partly because of the low bioavailability of metals, the soil cleaning-up using phytoremediation is usually time-consuming. In order to enhance the amount of metals at the plant's disposal, the soil bioaugmentation coupled together with phytoextraction is an emerging technology. In this preliminary work, two agricultural soils which mainly differed in their Cr, Hg and Pb contents (LC, low-contaminated soil; HC, high-contaminated soil) were bioaugmented in laboratory conditions by either bacterial (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens or Ralstonia metallidurans) or fungal inocula (Aspergillus niger or Penicillium simplicissimum) and incubated during three weeks. The LC soil pots bioaugmented with A. niger and P. aeruginosa contained higher concentrations of Cr (0.08 and 0.25 mg.kg⁻¹ dw soil) and Pb (0.25 and 0.3 mg.kg⁻¹ dw soil) in the exchangeable fraction F1 (extraction with MgCl₂) by comparison with the non-bioaugmented soil where neither Cr nor Pb was detected. Conversely, immobilization of Cr and Pb in the soil were observed with the other microorganisms. The soil bioaugmentation not only modified the metal speciation for the most easily extractable fractions but also modified the distribution of metals in the other fractions, to a lesser extent nevertheless. The difference in microbial concentrations between the bioaugmented or not HC soils reached up to 1.8 log units. Thus the microorganisms that we chose for the soil bioaugmentation were competitive towards the indigenous microflora. The PCA analysis showed close positive relationships between the microorganisms which potentially produced siderophores in the soil and the amount of Cr and Pb in the fraction F1.