催化燃烧法处理炼油厂隔油池废气

在隔油池废气催化燃烧处理中试装置上 ,采用蜂窝状 Pt、Pd、Ce多组分催化剂 ,在空速 40 0 0 0 h- 1 、反应器入口温度 2 5 0℃以上、进气总烃体积分数 10 0 0× 10 - 6 ～ 6 0 0 0× 10 - 6 条件下 ,可以使总烃去除率达到 96 %～ 99% ,净化排气总烃体积分数小于 10 0× 10 - 6 ,无恶臭气味     

催化燃烧法处理聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯生产废气

采用催化燃烧法处理聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯生产过程排放的含乙醛、2-甲基-1，3-二氧戊烷、乙二醇的废气，用进口Pt Pd／Al2O3-CeO2球状催化剂作废气催化燃烧的催化剂。在催化燃烧反应器床层空速为20000h^-1、催化剂用量为935mL、反应器入口温度为250℃、进口废气总烃质量浓度为2555～5099mg／m^3的条件下，处理后废气的总烃质量浓度为1～38mg／m^3，远低于120mg/m^3的国家排放标准，且总烃去除率达到98．6％～100％，乙醛质量浓度小于99mg／m^3,低于125mg／m^3的国家排放标准。     

催化氧化技术在橡胶废气处理中的应用

采用催化氧化技术处理热塑性丁苯橡胶( SBS)生产装置D线后处理单元废气,废气的非甲烷总烃去除率和环己烷去除率均达到98％以上,非甲烷总烃质量浓度达到DB11/447-2007《炼油与石油化学工业大气污染物排放标准》的要求(小于100 mg/m3).对SBS生产装置凝聚单元进行两釜流程改三釜流程后,催化氧化反应器入口非甲烷总烃质量浓度由( 3.84～5.82)×103 mg/m3降至( 2.48～2.63)×103 mg/m3,反应器出口非甲烷总烃质量浓度均小于50 mg/m3.凝聚单元改造并采用催化氧化技术处理废气后,每年节约费用约80万元.     

电晕放电等离子体烟气脱硫工业化试验

在四川绵阳5000-20000 m3／h装置上进行了电晕放电等离子体烟气脱硫试验。试验结果表明,水蒸气／氨放电活化均能够提高烟气脱硫效率。在水蒸气／氨活化及脉冲电晕联合作用下,烟气温度60-70℃,烟气含湿总量约10％,SO2初始体积分数1500×10-6,氨硫摩尔比2:1,系统耗能率约为4 W·h／m3时,脱硫效率达到93％,形成的副产物中(NH4)2SO4与(NH4)2SO3的质量比大于95:5。     

一种吸附-低温干法处理苯胺废水的方法

该发明涉及一种吸附-低温干法处理苯胺废水的方法，主要步骤是将含苯胺废水通过装有吸附-催化剂的固定床反应器，当吸附后排出的废水中的苯胺质量浓度为4．9mg／L时，停止进水，排掉反应器中残余水，然后通人氧气体积分数为4％～6％的氧化性气体，空速为500—2000h～，反应温度为100～400℃，反应1～10h，经催化氧化过程后，吸附-催化剂用于下-吸附-催化氧化循环过程。     

非热强介质等离子体反应器用于臭味气体的分解

对非热强介质等离子体反应器用于臭味气体———氨、硫化氢、甲基硫醇的分解进行了试验研究。研究了施加电压、停留时间、初始浓度对臭味气体分解率的影响 ,并对氨的分解产物进行了初步分析。结果表明 ,在这 3种气体的初始体积分数分别为 2 5× 10 -6和 5 0× 10 -6的条件下 ,当施加电压为 16kV、停留时间为 0 .2 3s时 ,氨的分解率达到 97%以上 ;当停留时间为0 .2 3s时 ,硫化氢和甲基硫醇分别在 10kV和 8kV时达到 10 0 %的分解。     

催化氧化法脱除黄磷尾气中的磷化氢和硫化氢

在常压、温度60~100℃、气体流量0.375~0.875 m3/h的条件下,利用自制的JC-4型催化剂可以深度脱除黄磷尾气中的磷化氢和硫化氢,使它们在产品气中的体积分数小于1×10-6,净化效率接近100%。该催化剂寿命长达6 000 m in,处理黄磷尾气能力为300 m3/kg。在36~50 m3/h黄磷尾气净化中试试验中,取得了同样的效果。     

包装印刷业VOCs废气治理新工艺——中央集风减风增浓-催化氧化-热能回用技术研究

针对包装印刷业废气特点,研发了“中央集风减风增浓-催化燃烧-热能回用”技术。该技术利用特殊工艺的中央集风系统使废气风量减小,进而提高废气浓度,然后通过催化氧化炉进行低温催化氧化反应使废气中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)分解为无害的二氧化碳和水蒸气,达到净化废气的目的。此技术一方面能满足尾气达标排放,另一方面可对印刷机的热能进行回用,达到节能减排效果,从而降低了废气处理设备的投资和运行费用,增加企业效益。     

催化氧化处理苯化工装置和罐区含氮挥发性有机物废气

采用自行研制的WSH-2N型蜂窝状Pt-Pd-Ce催化剂,对某企业苯胺、硝基苯等生产装置和罐区的含氮挥发性有机物(NVOCs)废气进行集中处理,考察了废气处理工业装置的运行效果。在小型装置上处理后总烃去除率大于97%,净化气总烃质量浓度小于20 mg/m~3,NO_x质量浓度小于30 mg/m~3,苯胺、硝基苯中氮转化为N2的选择性大于95%。20 000 Nm~3/h催化氧化处理装置生产运行和性能考核表明,苯化工装置和罐区VOCs废气经过催化氧化处理,非甲烷总烃去除率大于99%;净化气中非甲烷总烃质量浓度小于10 mg/m~3,苯、苯胺、硝基苯、环己烷等有机特征污染物均低于检出限,NO_x的质量浓度小于10 mg/m~3。     

国外动态

一种先进的无氢脱硫工艺问世ChemicalEngineeringProgress,2 0 0 3 ,99( 9) :14　　据悉 ,总部位于美国得克萨斯州圣安东尼的Valero能源公司近日在其位于路易斯安那州KrotzSprings的炼油厂开始运行一套 5 0桶 /d的柴油脱硫示范装置 ,首次试验Unipure公司发明的用于燃料脱硫的先进脱硫 (ASR )工艺。据Unipure公司负责该工艺商业化开发的副总Barlow介绍 ,ASR工艺可以将硫质量分数为 30 0× 10 - 6 ～ 30 0 0× 10 - 6的汽油或柴油燃料最终转换成硫质量分数低于 5×10 - 6 的超低含硫清洁燃料 ,而且与传统的加氢脱硫工艺相比具有投资省的…     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

Model of technological alternatives of production of sodium chromate (VI) with the use of chromic wastes

This article presents a mathematical model which describes the sodium chromate (VI) production process with the use of chromic waste as a substitution of natural raw materials. This model is a function of selected process parameters common for all of the examined alternatives and based on equations of material balance. Optimization of the elaborated technological alternatives of the production process with use of recycling of chromic waste has been evaluated by determining the extreme value of the quality indicator WJ. This indicator defines the quantity of waste created in the process. Optimization results enabled the selection of the optimal technological solution from all of the alternatives possible for use in industrial practice. Negative values of the indicator prove that there is the possibility of introducing to the process a larger quantity of waste than the one obtained in the process and transported to the storage heaps.     

Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

化学品生物降解性的评价与预测

介绍了有机化学物质生物降解性的测定方法及其预测方法研究概况，并讨论了生物降解性评价的发展前景。     

Mechanism of Microbial Degradation of Slow-Release Fertilizers

Methyleneureas are condensation products of urea and formaldehyde of different molecular mass and solubility; they are used in large amounts both as resins, binders, and insulating materials for industrial applications, as well as a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer for greens, lawns, or in bioremediation processes. In the present study, the microbial breakdown of these products was investigated. The nitrogen was released as ammonia and urea, and the formaldehyde released immediately oxidized via formiate to carbon dioxide. The enzymatic mechanism of metabolization of methyleneureas was studied in microorganisms isolated from soil, which were able to use these compounds as the sole source of nitrogen for growth. A strain of the Gram-negative bacterium Ralstonia paucula (formerly Alcaligenes sp. CDC group IVc-2) completely degraded methylenediurea and dimethylenetriurea to urea, ammonia, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide. The enzyme initiating this degradation (methylenediurease) was purified and turned out to be different from the previously described enzyme from Ochrobactrum anthropi with regard to its regulation of expression and physicobiochemical properties. Fungal degradation of methyleneureas may occur via the formation of organic acids, thus leading to a nonenzymatic degradation of methyleneureas, which are unstable under acidic conditions.     

Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on Enzymatic Degradation

Octenyl succinate starch of degree of substitution (ds) 0.03, 0.07, and 0.11 was synthesized in an aqueous medium. These compounds were then tested for the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. The multiple-enzyme regime of -amylase, amyloglucosidase, and pullulanase was chosen for the evaluation. This combination of enzymes had been proven to degrade 99.5% of unmodified starch to glucose and hence was chosen for this study. It was found that even small amounts of subsituent caused a considerable decrease in the extent of degradation. The net extent of degradation decreased with increasing ds. Surprisingly, the amount of glucose from all three substituted substrates was quite similar, suggesting the effect small amounts of subtituent had on the enzymatic activity.     

鼓泡式反应器高径比对氨法烟气脱碳性能的影响

以N2和CO2混合气模拟燃烧烟气，研究了鼓泡反应器的高径比以及反应条件对氨法烟气脱碳性能的影响。实验结果表明:在相同高径比的条件下，CO2吸收率随氨水质量分数的增加、反应温度的升高而逐渐增大，随进气CO2体积分数和模拟烟气流量的增加而逐渐减小;CO2吸收率随高径比的增加而增大，在高径比为3.98、氨水质量分数为28%、进气CO2体积分数为10%、模拟烟气流量为1.0L/min、反应温度为40℃的条件下，CO2吸收率最高可达100%。     

Electron Microscope Observation of Biodegradation of Polymers

Biodegradable polymers generally decompose in the various media in our environments. These environments contain soils, seawater, and activated sludge. If biodegradable materials waste is discarded, they decompose in these media. The biodegradation process of biodegradable polymers was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Polycaprolactone, polybutylene succinate, and P(3HB-co-3HV) were tested. The shapes of holes on the decomposing surfaces are different according to the biodegradation media. Semispherical holes are observed on the surfaces of polybutylene succinate films degraded in activated sludge and cracks are observed on the surfaces of polycaprolactone films degraded in soil.