改性累托石吸附处理含镉废水

采用硫酸和高分子絮凝剂聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵对累托石进行改性,考察了改性累托石吸附处理模拟含镉废水的影响因素.实验结果表明,在废水质量浓度为50 mg/L、废水pH为6.0、改性累托石加入量为1.2g/L、吸附时间为90 min、废水温度为25℃的条件下,改性累托石对镉的去除率可达98.00%以上,改性累托石对镉的吸附符合Langmuir模型.     

二氧化钛-累托石净水材料的制备及其净水性能评价

以天然累托石为载体，采用硫酸氧钛水解-沉淀反应法，并添加适量尿素作促进剂，制备了高活性的净水材料——TiO2-累托石活性粉体。由于Ti^4 和TiO2^ 离子进入累托石的层间，使其层间孔隙增大，其吸附活性明显增强，而且其表面负载的TiO2在紫外光作用下可降解水中的有机污染物。     

用累托石吸附处理含铁(Ⅲ)废水

用累托石作吸附剂处理有色金属厂冶炼过程中产生的含Fe(Ⅲ)废水。在废水pH为7．5～8．5、反应时间为30min、累托石投加量为12g／L的条件下,Fe(Ⅲ)质量浓度可由5mg／t．降到0．08mg／L,Fe(Ⅲ)的去除率最高为98．4％,外排废水符合GB8978--1996一级标准。对Fe(Ⅲ)进行等温吸附实验,其等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir模型,其吸附机理主要是吸附作用和沉淀作用。     

丙烯酸柱撑类水滑石的制备及其对Cu2+的吸附性能

以Zn-Al-NO3--类水滑石为前体,采用返混沉淀法制备了丙烯酸柱撑类水滑石,将其用于吸附废水中的Cu2+.实验结果表明:当初始Cu2+质量浓度为80 mg/L、丙烯酸柱撑类水滑石加入量为40 g/L、废水pH为6、吸附时间为2.0 h时,丙烯酸柱撑类水滑石对Cu2+有较好的吸附效果,在此条件下废水中Cu2+的吸附率高达95.31％;丙烯酸柱撑类水滑石对Cu2+的吸附符合Freundlich等温吸附模型.     

微波辅助Fe-Al柱撑蒙脱土的制备及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附

在微波辅助条件下合成了一系列Fe-Al柱撑蒙脱土.利用自制Fe-Al柱撑蒙脱土对模拟废水中的亚甲基蓝进行吸附实验.通过XRD和SEM分析可见,在微波条件下合成的Fe-A1柱撑剂能够使蒙脱土的层间距加大,从而使其具有更好的吸附性能.在Fe-Al柱撑蒙脱土加入量为1.8 g/L、吸附时间为20 min、亚甲基蓝质量浓度为40mg/L的条件下,亚甲基蓝去除率达95.13％.     

颗粒状污泥活性炭流化床吸附处理含铜矿山废水

以城市污水处理厂活性污泥为原料，通过高温热解制备了颗粒状污泥活性炭吸附剂。在自制的流化床吸附装置上研究了该吸附剂对含铜矿山废水的吸附处理效果。实验结果表明：在初始废水pH6、吸附剂加入量15g/L、废水循环流量6.0L/min、吸附时间120min的最佳吸附条件下，废水中Cu²⁺去除率达98.2%。     

微波改性锆-铝柱撑膨润土对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

以膨润土为原料,通过微波辐射加热法制备锆-铝柱撑膨润土(MZAPB)吸附剂,研究了 MZAPB 加入量、溶液 pH、吸附时间、温度等因素对 Cr(Ⅵ)吸附效果的影响.研究结果表明:当溶液初始 Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为 25mg/L、MZAPB 加入量为 10 g/L、溶液 pH 为 5.6、吸附温度 25℃、吸附时间为 6...     

超细粉煤灰对模拟废水中孔雀石绿的吸附性能

以球磨制得的超细粉煤灰为吸附材料,采用振荡吸附法研究了其对模拟废水中孔雀石绿的吸附性能.实验结果表明:在超细粉煤灰加入量为10g/L、吸附温度为298K、初始孔雀石绿质量浓度为500mg/L、振荡时间为120min、孔雀石绿废水自然酸碱度条件下,达到吸附平衡时的吸附量为49.97 mg/g,孔雀石绿几乎全部被超细粉煤灰所吸附;该吸附反应很好地符合二级吸附动力学方程,Ea为3.95kJ/mol,吸附反应速率较快,吸附过程由孔雀石绿在超细粉煤灰颗粒内部的扩散控制;该吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,随吸附温度升高,饱和吸附量下降,298K下的饱和吸附量可达526.32mg/g,是自发进行的放热反应过程.     

水力空化-O3氧化联合超声吸附处理煤气化废水

采用水力空化-O₃氧化与超声吸附法联合处理煤气化废水。吸附剂以钙基膨润土为原料,经十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性制得。通过单因素实验分别探讨了水力空化-O₃氧化与超声吸附的适宜处理条件,并在该条件下对废水进行联合处理。实验结果表明：在O₃通量194.4 mg/L、空化时间60 min、入口压力0.4 MPa、废水pH 10.00的优化条件下,水力空化-O₃氧化对COD和苯酚的去除率分别达67.3%和57.5%;在此基础上进一步采用超声吸附法处理废水,在吸附剂投加量0.06 g/mL、超声时间60 min、废水pH 4.00、吸附温度25 ℃的优化条件下,处理后出水中COD和苯酚质量浓度分别降至317.1 mg/L和117.9 mg/L;COD和苯酚的总去除率分别达97.9%和96.6%。     

高效除磷材料的除磷特性研究

研究了高效除磷材料(Efficient Phosphorus Removal Composite,EPRC)的除磷特性,以及以此材料为填料的吸附柱对模拟含磷废水的除磷效果.试验结果表明: EPRC颗粒在15℃、25℃、35℃时的最大饱和吸附量分别达到1.9535mg/g、2.281mg/g、3.6724mg/g.以EPRC颗粒填充吸附柱处理模拟含磷废水时,停留时间8h、连续进水、运行8d,磷的平均去除率为93%,废水pH值略有升高.     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

High Immobilization of NH4+ in Danish Heath Soil Related to Succession,Soil and Nutrients: Implications for Critical Loads of N

During recent decades heathlands havechanged into grasslands in regions with high atmosphericnitrogen deposition. In regions with intermediatedeposition level (e.g., Denmark) changes have been lesspronounced which may be due to delay or decrease inresponse of the ecosystem. The mor layer (O horizon) mayplay an important role for this delay due to high sinkstrength for N. In this study, the capacity for netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization and mineralization wasstudied during short- and long-term incubations (2–36 days)of mor samples from Danish dry inland heaths. High short-term capacity for net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization wasfound to be a general characteristic of Danish heath morlayers both under heather (Calluna vulgaris) andcrowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp nigrum), the latterdominating late stages in heathland succession. The netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization was higher under youngcompared to old or dead vegetation, and higher on lessnutrient poor soils than on extremely nutrient poor soils.The addition of N, P and C stimulated CO₂ productionand net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization, but not net Nmineralization. The immobilization of ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺caused release of dissolved organic N, increased N anddecreased C/N ratio in the microbial biomass, and indicatedgrowth of microorganisms with other metabolic abilitiesthan the indigenous population. No evidence was obtained ofstabilization of immobilized ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ intosoil organic matter during the experiment. On background ofthe results and current knowledge it was concluded that therecognition of the high capacity for net NH₄ ⁺immobilization in mor layers does not allow for a raiseof critical loads for N for northern dry inland heaths.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Selection of Autochthonous Plant Species from SE Spain for Soil Lead Phytoremediation Purposes

Mining activity in SE of Spain, in the west Mediterranean coast, originated more than two millenniums ago. It has generated huge areas affected by heavy metals contamination, especially of lead, which is possibly one of the most important. Investigations related to the selection of autochthonous plant taxa from a typical Spanish Mediterranean area, useful for phytoextraction and phytostabilization purposes in these polluted areas are shown. Under these edaphoclimatic conditions 12 interesting species were considered, from them six taxa were chosen for further studies. Some plant species have been proposed either for phytoextraction or phytostabilization purposes. Recommendations for further research have been discussed.