Wet Strength and Water Resistance of Modified Soy Protein Adhesives and Effects of Drying Treatment

Soy protein isolate (SPI) was modified using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). Adhesion performance of the modified SPI on fiberboard was studied. The Water-soluble mass of the modified SPI adhesives was examined following modified ASTM D5570. The SDS-modified SPI containing 91% protein had a water-soluble mass of 1.7%. To be considered a water-resistant adhesive, the water-soluble mass of adhesive should be less than 2%. The wet shear strength test showed 100% cohesive failure within fiberboard, indicating that the modified SPI has good water resistance. The effect of drying treatment on adhesion performance of the SDS-modified SPI on fiberboard was then investigated. Drying treatment significantly affected the final adhesion performance. Shear strength did not change much, but the percentage of cohesive failure within fiberboard increased markedly as drying temperature increased. All the unsoaked, soaked, and wet specimens glued by the adhesives treated at 70° or 90°C had 100% cohesive failure within fiberboard. Viscosity also increased greatly with an increase in drying temperature. This information will be useful in developing low-cost adhesive processing system in the future.     

Effects of Storage Time on Properties of Soybean Protein-Based Plastics

Soybean protein has been considered as a potential biodegradable polymer in the manufacture of plastics. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the effect of storage time on thermal and mechanical properties of soybean protein isolate (SPI) plastics. SPI was separated from defatted soy flour, modified with 1M or 2M urea, or plasticized with glycerol, and compression molded into plastics. Plastic made from SPI alone was used as a control. For all SPI plastics, glass transition temperatures and dynamic storage modulus increased and loss tangent decreased during storage. Excess enthalpy of relaxation of all SPI plastics had an exponential relationship with storage time, indicating a fast aging rate at the beginning of storage. All SPI plastics tended to be stiff and brittle during storage. The plastics with glycerol had the slowest aging rate and were fairly stable after 60 days, with about 8.8 MPa tensile strength and 168% strain at break. Plastics with the 2M urea-modification SPI also had a slow aging rate and became relative stable after 60 days, with about 10 MPa tensile strength and 72% elongation.     

Water-Blown Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Foams with Soy Protein as a Reactive Reinforcing Filler

To decrease the usage of petroleum based materials, a kind of bio-resource based composite foams were developed with soy protein isolate (SPI) as reactive reinforcing filler in castor oil based polyurethane foams (PUF) prepared by self-rising method using water as a blowing agent. The resulting composite foams were evaluated for their morphology, density, mechanical and biodegradation properties, etc. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study exhibited characteristic peaks for SPI and PUF and indicated that the amino groups and hydroxyl groups on SPI reacted with polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanates (PAPI) to increase the crosslinking degrees of the composite foams. Densities of the resultant composites were found to increase with increasing SPI content. Mechanical properties of the samples were improved with the increase of SPI content. The compost tests further proved that the composite PUF had better biodegradability than neat PUF. Therefore, this research has provided a simple method of preparing the bio-resource based polyurethane foams, while exploring the potential of using SPI in polyurethane foam applications.     

Fiber Spinning of Polyacrylonitrile Grafted Soy Protein in an Ionic Liquid/DMSO Mixture Solvent

The effects of ionic liquid BMIMCL (1-buthyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-chloride) on the solution of soy protein isolate (SPI) were first studied. In situ polymerization of acrylonitrile monomer in the presence of SPI was conducted in a BMIMCL/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixture solvent to produce SPI-g-PAN. This graft polymer was blended with pure PAN in BMIMCL/DMSO (1:5) and spun into fiber using a wet spinning method. The effects of SPI content and solution temperature on the viscoelasticity of the spinning dope were studied. FTIR, DSC and solution studies were used to confirm the grafting of PAN. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the spun fibers under different draw ratios were investigated.     

Development and Characterization of the Reinforced Soy Protein Isolate-Based Nanocomposite Film with CuO and TiO2 Nanoparticles

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - The present study aimed to develop and characterize the soy protein isolate (SPI) nanocomposite film incorporated with CuO and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) for...     

Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Plastics Molded from Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Modified Soy Protein Isolates

Soybean protein is a potential material for manufacturing of biodegradable plastics. The objective of this investigation was to characterize the thermal and mechanical properties of plastics made from sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-modified soy proteins. Soy protein isolate (SPI) was prepared from defatted soy flour, modified with various concentrations of SDS, and then molded into plastics. The temperatures of denaturation of the modified soy protein increased at low SDS concentration and then decreased at high SDS concentration. At the same SDS concentration, the plastics molded from the modified soy proteins showed a similar temperature of denaturation, but a lower enthalpy of denaturation compared to the modified soy protein. Young's modulus of the plastics decreased as SDS concentration increased, and the tensile strength and strain at break of the plastics reached a maximum value at 1% SDS modification. Two glass transition temperatures were identified corresponding to the 7S and 11S globulins in SPI by dynamic mechanical analysis, and they decreased as SDS concentration increased. The SDS modification increased the water absorption of the plastics.     

An ultracompact photo-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer with a novel vacuum ultraviolet light source for on-line detection of organic trace compounds and as a detector for gas chromatography

A recently developed novel intense rare-gas excimer vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light source, the electron beam-pumped excimer lamp (EBEL), has been applied to the soft single-photon ionization (SPI) of organic molecules in a compact orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer (oaTOFMS). The SPI-oaTOFMS system was applied to the on-line monitoring of tobacco smoke. With this setup, it was possible to analyze the composition of individual puffs of cigarette smoke. Furthermore, a gas chromatograph (GC) was coupled to the EBEL SPIoaTOFMS system. Soft photo-ionization represents an additional separation dimension. By combination of the gas chromatographic and the soft-ionization mass spectroscopic separation dimensions, a truly multidimensional comprehensive analytical method could be derived.     

石油加工过程的环境影响后评价

我国的石油加工过程环境影响评价工作属于前期预测评价,存在一定的局限性。目前,石油加工过程的环境影响后评价工作尚处于探索发展阶段。本文主要介绍了石油加工过程及其环境影响后评价的概念,分析了石油加工过程的主要环境影响,详述了石油加工过程环境影响后评价的程序、内容及评价指标,并结合实例加以说明。最后指出,开展石油加工过程的环境影响后评价工作势在必行。     

五莲县石材废料的资源化利用

石材工业是资源加工型产业,加工过程会产生大量的石材废料.我国对石材加工废料的研究起步较晚,应用技术不成熟.介绍了目前国内外对石材废料的几种主要资源化利用方式,并结合五莲县石材产业基地石材加工实际工艺及废料资源化处理方式,研究石材废料的资源化利用.     

含聚油泥处理工艺参数优化及交互作用分析

采用自制的油泥分离剂通过热化学分离法处理聚驱油田现场产生的含聚油泥。采用正交实验得到的最佳工艺参数为:剂泥比2.0 m L/g,反应温度80℃,反应时间30 min,搅拌转速500 r/min,在此工艺条件下原油回收率为92.08%。利用支持向量机运算法(SVM)建立模型,分析了各工艺参数之间的交互作用,得出优化后的含聚油泥处理工艺参数为:剂泥比2.5 m L/g,反应温度80℃,反应时间34 min,搅拌转速530 r/min,理论上的最高原油回收率为94.76%。对于模型优选出的工艺参数进行了5组验证实验,平均原油回收率达94.50%。采用优选工艺参数处理3种不同来源的含聚油泥,原油回收率均高于90%。     

Sustainable design for automotive products: Dismantling and recycling of end-of-life vehicles

The growth in automotive production has increased the number of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) annually. The traditional approach ELV processing involves dismantling, shredding, and landfill disposal. The “3R” (i.e., reduce, reuse, and recycle) principle has been increasingly employed in processing ELVs, particularly ELV parts, to promote sustainable development. The first step in processing ELVs is dismantling. However, certain parts of the vehicle are difficult to disassemble and use in practice. The extended producer responsibility policy requires carmakers to contribute in the processing of scrap cars either for their own developmental needs or for social responsibility. The design for dismantling approach can be an effective solution to the existing difficulties in dismantling ELVs. This approach can also provide guidelines in the design of automotive products. This paper illustrates the difficulty of handling polymers in dashboards. The physical properties of polymers prevent easy separation and recycling by using mechanical methods. Thus, dealers have to rely on chemical methods such as pyrolysis. Therefore, car designers should use a single material to benefit dealers. The use of materials for effective end-of-life processing without sacrificing the original performance requirements of the vehicle should be explored.     

Printed wiring boards for mobile phones: characterization and recycling of copper

The popularization of mobile phones, combined with a technological evolution, means a large number of scrap and obsolete equipment are discarded every year, thereby causing economic losses and environmental pollution. In the present study, the printed wiring boards scrap of mobile phones were characterized in order to recycle some of the device components, using techniques of mechanical processing, hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy. The use of the techniques of mechanical processing (milling, particle size classification, magnetic and electrostatic separation) was an efficient alternative to obtain a concentrated fraction (mainly iron in the magnetic fraction and copper in the conductive fraction) and another fraction containing polymers and ceramics. At the end of mechanical processing, a concentrated fraction of metals could be obtained with an average concentration of 60% copper. This concentrated fraction in metals was dissolved in aqua regia and sent to electrowinning to recover 92% of the dissolved copper. The obtained cathodes have a copper content above 95%, which demonstrates the technical feasibility of recovery of copper using the techniques of mechanical processing, hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy.     

Utilization of post-production waste from fruit processing for energetic purposes: analysis of Polish potential and case study

There is no doubt that waste products from fruit and vegetable processing are difficult to manage. In that context, partial substitution of conventional energy substrates by industrial waste is an alternative, as it helps to utilize residues and at the same time to reduce the fixed cost of running business. The aim of the article is to analyse the possibilities of using fruit processing wastes for energy purposes in Poland. The assessment on a country scale was based on the data of the Central Statistical Office. Analogical analysis was based on the data collected from selected production plant. The obtained results show that the fruit processing waste can be successfully utilized for energy purposes. At the same time, problems of organizational nature should not be overlooked, as they can significantly decrease that potential. Although the amount of energy obtained from this source is basically negligible in the Polish energy balance, the environmental factor should not be ignored also. Therefore, the utilization of waste products from fruit processing should be a topic of interest, as it works in two ways, i.e., through reducing the amount of waste and increasing production of renewable energy.

     

装备制造企业推动循环经济产业化发展——以江苏华宏科技创新发展为例

废钢加工设备制造业是我国装备制造业中的一个重要分支,服务于钢铁工业和为钢铁工业提供废钢原料的废钢回收加工领域。以江苏华宏科技股份有限公司为例,详细介绍我国专业从事废钢加工设备研发和生产制造企业,在建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会及推动我国循环经济发展中,取得的主要成就及今后发展目标。     

Development of Proteinous Bioplastics Using Bloodmeal

The aim of this work was to investigate the use of bloodmeal as a thermoplastic biopolymer. Processing required water and chemical additives to perform three main functions: breaking covalent cross-links using sodium sulfite (SS), sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea as processing aids, and evaporating some processing water to allow formation of new interactions to stabilize the final structure. Extrusion was only possible in the presence of SS and strongly influenced by water and urea content. It was found that once water had been removed, mechanical properties increased significantly, indicating the formation of new intermolecular forces. SDS was required for processing and consolidation, but, it may restrict formation of new intermolecular forces, if used in excessive quantities. Materials based on optimal additive levels had a tensile strength of 8 MPa, Young’s modulus of 320 MPa and toughness 1.6 MPa m^½.     

Sink–float density separation of post-consumer plastics for feedstock recycling

The paper focuses on current mechanical waste processing technologies and out-of-the-box processes linked to the processing of coal and mineral resources, to ensure high-quality feedstock recycling of polyolefin-rich post-consumer plastic fractions. Moreover, the study aims to provide the basis for the technical and economic feasibility of the chemical recycling route of this plastic fraction. When evaluating common mechanical processes, either dry or wet ones, sink–float separation in a cylindrical centrifugal force separator achieves the best results. It combines the advantages of a simple, robust apparatus of low complexity and high capacity with selective separation through the accelerated settling of particles in the centrifugal field. Furthermore, the disconnection of the separation medium feed from the solid input increases residence times. Based on the above findings, a pilot-scale plant was constructed which consists of a centrifugal force separator and a hydro jig for the pre-separation of heavy waste components. Several test campaigns were conducted to separate polyolefins from various waste fractions. Two-stage processing in the centrifugal force separator rendered almost 90 wt% of polyolefin content in the produced lightweight fraction and of polyolefin recovery. One-stage processing, on the other hand, resulted in reduced polyolefin content in the lightweight fraction.

     

Determination of inorganic and organic priority pollutants in biosolids from meat processing industry

The biosolids (BS) generated in the wastewater treatment process of a meat processing plant were monitored and the priority pollutant content was characterized. The trace metal and organic pollutant content – polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) – were determined quantitatively and compared to guideline limits established by the US EPA and EU. PCBs were not detected in the solid samples, while trace metals, PAHs and PCDD/PCDF were detected in concentrations below the limits established by international standards. Toxic equivalent factors were evaluated for the biosolids, and the results proved that these wastes can be safely deposited on land or used in combustion/incineration plants. Since no previous data were found for meat processing waste, comparisons were made using municipal sewage sludge data reported in the literature. Since, this report monitored part of the priority pollutants established by the US EPA for meat and poultry processing wastewater and sludge, the results verified that low pollution loads are generated by the meat processing plant located in the southern part of Brazil. However, the BS generated in the treatment processes are in accordance with the limits established for waste disposal and even for soil fertilizer.     

废电子电器回收粗银点解精炼过程控制技术

报废电子电器产品的回收利用受到国家与行业的高度重视。大型拆解加工企业如雨后春笋般涌现,为后续深加工利用奠定了良好的基础,极大地推动了行业的发展。针对目前国内贵金属回收中粗银电解技术与过程控制技术的不足进行研究,将技术与管理有机结合起来,并在企业生产上予以实施,效果良好。     

加快发展循环经济 打造一流铜深加工企业

详细介绍山东天圆铜业有限公司为增强企业的竞争力,加快发展循环经济,精心打造高起点、高水平的资源循环利用示范园区和一流的铜加工企业,对企业未来5年打造成为集废旧金属进口、拆解加工、再生铜生产、电解铜生产、高精尖铜材深加工的循环经济产业集团设立目标,为全国城市矿产示范基地的建设提供借鉴。     

Experimental Processing of Biodegradable Drip Irrigation Systems—Possibilities and Limitations

The increased cost associated with the waste removal and disposal of conventional agricultural plastic in contact with the soil combined with the gradually decreasing cost of the biodegradable plastics allowed the commercialization of biodegradable mulching films. Since the conventional thin wall or tape drip irrigation system lies under the mulching film and is used for one season only, it would be desirable to replace it with a biodegradable one. This paper presents the results of a research work investigating the possibilities and limitations in developing biodegradable drip irrigation thin wall pipes and pipes. The first ever experimental biodegradable drip irrigation thin wall pipes were produced. Rigid pipes were also produced for experimental purposes. Manufacturing problems were encountered in the processing of the biodegradable drippers and irrigation thin wall pipes with the experimental materials due to the complex formulation of the raw materials and the fact that the machinery used was specifically designed for PE processing. Experimental biodegradable thin wall pipes made of Bioflex with embedded drippers made of Mater-Bi were produced. The processing problems encountered with the production of thin wall pipes were surpassed during the experimental production of rigid type irrigation pipes. A biodegradable rigid irrigation pipe made of a grade of Mater-Bi, with embedded cylindrical drippers made of another grade of Mater-Bi was produced successfully. A better understanding of the thermal profile of the biodegradable raw materials and the use of processing equipment adapted to this profile might allow in the future the manufacturing of thin wall drip irrigation pipes for agricultural applications, and the use of alternative biodegradable materials.