应用水煤浆洁净燃烧技术控制燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染--中国燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染综合防治对策(五)

研究了水煤浆洁净燃料及其在燃煤工业锅炉上控制SO2污染的应用。主要内容包括水煤浆洁净燃烧技术概况，生产方法、分类及其物理性能，燃烧系统的工艺过程及其技术性能，水煤浆锅炉的特点及经济效益。研究表明：水煤浆洁净燃烧技术燃烧效率高，燃尽率高，炉渣含碳量低，烟尘和SO2排放浓度低。水煤浆洁净燃烧技术是燃煤工业锅炉理想的替代技术。     

洗精煤混合磨矿制浆工艺

东庞矿水煤浆厂一期工程于1999年底建成，一期设计生产能力为年产水煤浆15～18万t。水煤浆厂建成投产后，技术人员依靠自己的力量进行了大胆的尝试，在原设计基础上对制浆工艺、设备选型、生产控制进行相应的完善和创新。     

电站油炉改烧水煤浆技术在广东地区的应用

介绍了电站油炉改烧水煤浆技术的背景，对水煤浆技术，水煤浆的环保特性及其发展进行了综述，分析了广东地区已改烧水煤浆的燃油电厂的运行状况，并展望了该技术在广东地区的发展前景。     

大型水煤浆锅炉工业污染特点及其控制

结合国内最大容量的670 t/h水煤浆锅炉的运行情况,介绍了水煤浆燃料及其燃烧方面的一些特点,并进行了相关的分析和探讨,说明水煤浆对于环境保护,尤其是经济相对发达地区的环境保护,确实具有积极意义.同时,针对大容量水煤浆锅炉出现的新的污染问题,也提出了进一步的解决措施.     

水煤浆加压气化制合成氨系统的三废排放情况及治理措施

简述了水煤浆加压气化制合成氨系统的特点，着重介绍了该系统制气工段和净化工段的三废排放情况及治理措施，并对仍存在的问题提出了看法。     

利用造纸黑液制备水煤浆添加剂

利用造纸黑液中有效成分，经过适当处理制备水煤浆添加剂，并且对添加剂的性能进行了测试。结果表明，依照该工艺生产的添加剂，性能优良，能够满足工业生产需要。     

从造纸黑液中提取木质素制取水煤浆复合添加剂

用酸析法从造纸黑液中提取木质素，对其进行改性处理，加入表面活性剂与其混配，制备出了符合工业生产要求的水煤浆复合添加剂，为造纸黑液的综合利用开辟了一条新途径。     

应用工业固硫型煤技术控制燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染--燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染综合防治对策(一)

燃煤工业锅炉是我国SO2污染的第二大污染源，仅次于燃煤发电厂。控制燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染，对控制我国大气环境SO2具有极其重要的意义。应用传统的控制方法及技术，即旋风除尘器、水膜除尘器及烟气脱硫技术，很难控制燃煤工业锅炉的SO2污染，其经济效益、环境效益和社会效益也很差。研究表明，只有采用清洁燃料，淘汰小锅炉，采用工业固硫型煤、水煤浆、应用循环流化床洁净燃烧技术和烟气脱硫技术，才能经济有效地控制燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染。     

水煤浆的燃用及其环境影响

自爆发石油危机以来,寻求取代石油作燃料的研究曾盛极一时,除了刺激核电发展外,对煤碳的一发利用又被重视起来。在模拟液体燃料方面水煤浆独具一格,具有燃油的某些特点,是煤的加工产品中较为理想     

钙基固定剂对制氢和污染性气体减排的影响

在未来相当长的一段时间内,煤气化仍是大规模制取氢气的主要途径。目前,常规煤气化过程得到的是H2、CO和CO2为主的混合气,需要通过净化、变换和分离工艺才能得到洁净的氢气,工艺过程复杂。采用连续式超临界水反应装置,以质量分数为20%的水煤浆为反应原料,考察了Ca/C摩尔比和温度对褐煤制氢系统的影响。试验结果表明：Ca（OH）2不仅可以很好地固定气相中的CO2和硫化物,而且对煤气化过程也表现出较好的催化作用。反应温度600℃,压力为25MPa的条件下,与未加Ca（OH）2相比,Ca/C摩尔比为0.45时,气体中CO2的体积分数由50.7%降至1.0%,趋于完全固定;硫化物浓度由10 878mg/m3降至807mg/m3;H2的体积分数由32.4%增至73.3%。Ca（OH）2对煤气化的催化作用在高温下更加明显。     

Degradation of PVC Containing Mixtures in the Presence of HCl Fixators

Degradation of a model polymer mixture (PVC/PS/PE) and a waste polymer mixture in the presence of HCl fixators (Red Mud, precipitated CaCO₃ and dolamite) was studied using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and a cycled-spheres-reactor. The experiments in cycled-spheres reactor model were performed by stepwise pyrolysis. Liquid products and HCl from each step were collected separately. For the model polymer mixture, the precipitated CaCO₃ showed the best effect on the fixation of evolved HCl and the reduction of chlorine content in the liquid products whereas RM yielded the best result for the waste polymer mixture. In addition, using HCl fixator also affected the degradation of both types of polymer mixture, leading to the formation of more gaseous and less residue.     

Gaseous emissions from the combustion of a waste mixture containing a high concentration of N2O

This paper is focused on reducing the emissions from the combustion of a waste mixture containing a high concentration of N2O. A rate model and an equilibrium model were used to predict gaseous emissions from the combustion of the mixture. The influences of temperature and methane were considered, and the experimental research was carried out in a tabular reactor and a pilot combustion furnace. The results showed that for the waste mixture, the combustion temperature should be in the range of 950-1100 degrees C and the gas residence time should be 2s or higher to reduce emissions.     

Recovery of carotenoids from shrimp waste in organic solvents

Shrimp waste, which is produced in large quantities in the Indian seafood processing industries, is one of the important sources of natural carotenoids. Studies were carried out to assess the extractability of shrimp waste carotenoids in different organic solvents and solvent mixtures and to optimize the extraction conditions for maximum yield. A 50:50 mixture of isopropyl alcohol and hexane gave the highest (43.9 microg/g waste) carotenoid extraction yield compared to acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, ethyl methyl ketone, petroleum ether, and hexane individually and to a mixture of acetone and hexane. Extraction conditions such as percentage of hexane in the solvent mixture of isopropyl alcohol and hexane, ratio of solvent to waste and number of extractions was optimized using a statistically designed experiment. The optimized conditions for maximum yield of carotenoids were 60% hexane in solvent mixture, solvent mixture to waste ratio of 5:1 in each extraction and three extractions. A regression equation for predicting the carotenoid yield as a function of three processing variable (hexane % in solvent mixture, solvent-to-waste ratio and number of extractions) was derived by statistical analysis, and a model with predictive ability of 0.98 was obtained.     

Effect of moisture supply during desiccation and shrinkage in a landfill liner system

In this study, the effect of moisture supply during desiccation in a landfill liner system under the climatic conditions prevalent in spring and summer in Korea was investigated. The specimens used in the test were a mixture of dredged clay (parent soil) combined with additives Pa or Pb (proprietary cementing materials — Pa is mostly silicate powder and Pb is mostly quicklime). The mixing ratio of the dredged clay to Pa was 5: 1 and that for dredged clay to Pb was 20: 3 (w/w). The effect of moisture supply to the liner system was evaluated in three ways: the uniaxial compressive strength, permeability, and shrinkage tests during desiccation. From the results, the compressive strength of the Pa/Pb-clay mixture without moisture supply decreased more dramatically than that of the Pa/Pb-clay mixture with moisture supply during desiccation. The permeability of the latter decreased more rapidly than that of the former. Shrinkage of the Pa/Pb-clay mixture with moisture supply during the curing process was less than that of the Pa/Pb-clay mixture without moisture supply.     

Variations of metal distribution in sewage sludge composting

In the study, the variations of heavy metal distributions (of Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn) during the sewage sludge composting process were investigated by sequential extraction procedures. The total content of Cu and Zn in the composted mixture increased after the composting process. Mn and Zn were mainly found in mobile fractions (exchangeable fraction (F1), carbonate fraction (F2), and Fe/Mn oxide fraction (F3)). Cu and Pb were strongly associated with the stable fractions (organic matter/sulfides fraction (F4) and residual fraction (F5)). These five metal fractions were used to calculate the metal mobility (bioavailability) in the sewage sludge and composted mixture. The mobility (bioavailability) of Mn, Pb, and Zn (but not Cu) increased during the composting process. The metal mobility in the composted mixture ranked in the following order: Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu.     

Characterization of iron elution for seaweed bed restoration using a steelmaking slag and compost method

Coastal areas in Japan and other parts of the world have serious problems with barren grounds. A method has been developed that uses a mixture of steelmaking slag and compost including humic substances supplied in seawater, for restoring seaweed beds. The effects of this method have been previously confirmed in field tests. It was found that the mixture of steelmaking slag and compost was effective for extending the lifetime of iron elution as well as increasing iron concentrations in seawater. In this study, the effect of the mixing composts with steelmaking slag was evaluated additionally for increasing dissolved iron concentrations in seawater. The characteristics of iron elution were also studied using this method. In particular, the mechanism of Fe elution and dissolved Fe oxidation was examined in detail. The iron elution of actual seawaters was tested using three kinds of samples which involved steelmaking slag, compost, and a mixture of steelmaking slag and compost. These samples were used to understand the mechanism of Fe elution and oxidation in seawater. It was found that the mixture of steelmaking slag and compost was the most effective, which also confirmed the validity of the proposed Fe elution process in seawater.     

海上油田含油污泥对污泥-聚合物混合液性能的影响

为了回注处理海上油田含油污泥,将其与聚合物溶液混合,制备聚合物驱调剖体系。系统评价了含油污泥对污泥-聚合物混合液的溶液性能、使用性能及驱油效果的影响。实验结果表明:当含油污泥浓度小于300 mg/L时,油泥颗粒的粒径范围为0.1~100μm,d_(90)为40~60μm,污泥-聚合物混合液的黏度、抗剪切及抗老化稳定性均得到增强,注入性不受显著影响,阻力系数及残余阻力系数略有增加;当采用油泥浓度为100 mg/L的污泥-聚合物混合液进行驱油实验时,聚驱采收率增幅为7.26百分比,然而含油污泥浓度的进一步升高对提高采收率并不利。     

Fate and effect of linuron and metribuzin on the co-composting of green waste and sewage sludge

The fate and effect of the herbicides linuron and metribuzin on the co-composting of sewage sludge and green waste were addressed in this work. The experiments were conducted in metal cubic containers of 1.0 m³ volume simulating a windrow composting system. A mixture of sludge and green waste was prepared at a ratio of 1:5 v/v. The mixture was split in four equal parts and the two herbicides were added, using a pressure sprayer, as sole or mixed pollutant in each of the three mixtures. The forth mixture was composted without any addition of herbicide, to serve as control. Temperature, physicochemical characteristics, herbicide concentration, carbon dioxide emission, methane emission and microbiological parameters were measured either daily or every time the mixtures were turned, for a period of 80 days. Both herbicides’ concentration decreased significantly resulting in removal efficiencies of 99.1–99.7% and 95.8–96.0% for linuron and metribuzin, respectively. Incubation of microbiologically inactive mixtures at a temperature schedule following the spontaneous temperature evolution in the composters resulted in very little (1–11%) decomposition for both herbicides. Comparison of the variation of physicochemical parameters and microbial populations during composting indicated that both herbicides did not affect the composting process.     

Co-combustion of waste from olive oil production with coal in a fluidised bed

Waste from olive oil production was co-fired with coal in a fluidised bed combustor to study the feasibility of using this waste as an energy source. The combustion efficiency and CO emission were investigated and compared to those of burning 100% of coal. Olive oil waste with up to 20% mass concentration can be co-fired with coal in a fluidised bed combustor designed for coal combustion with a maximum drop of efficiency of 5%. A 10% olive oil waste concentration gave a lower CO emission than 100% coal firing due to improved combustion in the freeboard region. A 20% olive oil waste mixture gave a higher CO emission than both 100% coal firing and 10% olive oil waste mixture, but the combustion efficiency was higher than the 10% olive oil waste mixture due to lower elutriation from the bed.