维生素C作为共代谢基质在苯胺废水处理中的应用

将维生素c（Vc）作为共代谢一级基质用于苯胺废水的好氧处理，考察了Vc与苯胺质量比、曝气时间、反应温度对苯胺废水处理效果的影响。在苯胺质量浓度为80mg/L、污泥沉降比（SV30）为10％～15％、Vc与苯胺质量比为1：6、曝气时间为16h、反应温度为30℃的条件下，苯胺去除率最高达99．98％；当苯胺质量浓度为800mg／L时，在常温下连续曝气26h，苯胺去除率为99．99％，达到GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准（1mg／L）。     

混凝-间歇式活性污泥法处理炼油废水

采用混凝-间歇式活性污泥（SBR）法处理炼油废水，考察了混凝、SBR法对炼油废水的处理效果。实验结果表明：在硫酸铝、聚丙烯酰胺、CaCl2加入量分别为50，3，100mg／L的条件下，油去除率为82．7％，COD去除率为57．1％，BOD，／COD为0．24，混凝处理出水具有一定的可生化性；对混凝处理出水用SBR法进行厌氧水解2h、好氧曝气9h的生物处理后，出水COD低于150mg／L，COD去除率在80％左右。     

采用两段SBR工艺处理石化废水

采用两段序批式活性污泥反应器（SBR）工艺处理高浓度石化废水，考察了DO、MLSS、反应温度对废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明，两段SBR系统中有机物降解存在着不同的作用机理，第一段主要以去除易降解有机物为主，第二段主要以去除难降解有机物为主。在进水COD为4000mg／L、SBR1中DO为4～5mg／L、MLSS为5000mg／L，SBR2中DO为2～4mg／L、MLSS为3000mg／L、反应温度约为20℃的条件下，废水COD去除率达90％以上。     

对苯二甲酸降解菌固定化生物流化床处理精对苯二甲酸废水

采用微生物筛选、纯化技术，获得了降解对苯二甲酸（TA）的YPC—TA1，YPC—TA2，YPC-TA3，YPC—TA44株菌株。将筛选出的TA降解菌固定化，处理初始TA质量浓度为2650mg／L的模拟废水，降解36h后TA去除率达100％。用TA降解芮在生物流化床反应器中处理PTA废水，最佳容积负荷为6.7kg／（m^3·d）。生物流化床反应器可在容积负荷为6．0～6．5kg／（m^3·d）的较佳条件下长周期稳定运行，COD去除率保持在91％左右，TA去除率保持在94％左右。低pH废水冲击和高容积负荷废水冲击时COD，TA去除率均明显下降，恢复正常讲水后3～4d，COD，TA去除率均恢复正常。     

混凝法处理丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯树脂废水

以聚合氯化铝铁为混凝剂、阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺为助凝剂，采用混凝法处理丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯树脂（ABS）废水（简称废水），考察了聚合氯化铝铁加入量、沉降时间、搅拌转速、搅拌时间、废水pH和混凝温度对废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明，在聚合氯化铝铁加入量50mg／L、阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺加入量2mg／L、废水pH6．0～8．0、快速搅拌1min、慢速搅拌6min、沉降时间25min、混凝温度20～25℃的条件下，废水的SS去除率达97％以上，COD去除率达77％以上。     

UASB-SBR-絮凝工艺处理地沟油制生物柴油废水

采用UASB-SBR-絮凝工艺处理地沟油制生物柴油废水，考察了各个阶段的废水处理效果。实验结果表明：UASB稳定运行阶段进水COD约为15000mg/L时，COD去除率约为87%，出水COD在2500mg/L以下，出水挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度为4~6mmol/L，最佳容积负荷为15.0kg/（m3·d）；采用SBR处理UASB出水，当容积负荷为1.5kg/（m3·d）时，出水COD在200mg/L以下，COD去除率在83%以上，ρ（NH₃-N）在5mg/L以下，TP约为25mg/L。向SBR出水中加入质量分数为5%的聚合氯化铝进行化学除磷，加入量为5mL/L，处理后废水TP为4~6mg/L。处理后废水的COD，ρ（NH₃-N），TP均达到CJ343-2010《污水排入城市下水道水质标准》的A类要求。     

固定床三维电极反应器深度处理炼油废水

以不锈钢板为阴阳主电极，以柱状活性炭为感应粒子电极，构建固定床三维电极反应器， 并用其深度处理炼油废水。考察了施加电压、水力停留时间、废水pH和曝气量对COD去除效果的影响。实验结果表明，在施加电压10 V、水力停留时间60 min、废水pH=7.0、曝气量120 L/h的优化工艺条件下，处理后出水的COD=27.1 mg/L，满足“超滤—反渗透”单元对进水COD的要求（COD<30.0 mg/L）。     

Ca(OH)2、高岭土与FeCl3组配处理含Pb2+废水

采用Ca（OH）2、高岭土与FeCl3组配处理含Pb^2＋废水。考察了Ca（OH）2加入量、高岭土加入量、FeCl3加入量、废水pH、搅拌转速、沉淀时间等因素对Pb^2＋去除率的影响。在Ca（OH）2加入量50mg／L、高岭土加入量90mg／L、FeCl3加入量13．2mg／L、废水pH7．0～8．0、搅拌转速170r／min、沉淀时间90min的条件下，该法可将废水中金属离子（包括Pb^2＋及少量的Zn^2＋，Cu^2＋,Cr^3＋，Ni^2＋）的质量浓度由42．4mg／L降至1．0mg／L以下，达到了GB18918--2002〈《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》。     

气浮-水解-序批式活性污泥法处理高浓度特种丙烯酸废水

采用气浮—水解—序批式活性污泥法(SBR)处理高浓度特种丙烯酸废水,研究了投加生活污水对处理效果的影响及厌氧水解时间、SBR曝气时间、污泥负荷等因素对COD去除率的影响,结果表明,按1∶1体积比投加生活污水,厌氧水解时间2d,序批式活性污泥法曝气时间10h(进水后期曝气1h,共曝气11h),污泥负荷小于或等于0.08kg/(kg.d)时,出水COD小于85m g/L,满足处理要求。     

混凝—催化氧化法处理丁苯橡胶生产废水

以聚合氯化铝（PAC）、阴离子聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）为混凝剂，以H2O2-O3为氧化剂，采用混凝-催化氧化法处理对丁苯橡胶生产废水。考察了混凝剂种类及其加入量、废水pH对混凝处理效果的影响，氧化剂及其加入量、反应时间和废水pH对COD去除率的影响。实验得出的最佳工艺条件：混凝实验，废水pH为7、PAC和PAM加入量为400mg／L和4mg／L；催化氧化实验，废水pH为7～8、H2O2加入量为200mg／L、H2O2与O3的质量比为0．5。处理后，废水COD从860mg／L降至145mg／L，COD去除率达83．1％，出水水质达到国家二级排放标准。     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Selection of Autochthonous Plant Species from SE Spain for Soil Lead Phytoremediation Purposes

Mining activity in SE of Spain, in the west Mediterranean coast, originated more than two millenniums ago. It has generated huge areas affected by heavy metals contamination, especially of lead, which is possibly one of the most important. Investigations related to the selection of autochthonous plant taxa from a typical Spanish Mediterranean area, useful for phytoextraction and phytostabilization purposes in these polluted areas are shown. Under these edaphoclimatic conditions 12 interesting species were considered, from them six taxa were chosen for further studies. Some plant species have been proposed either for phytoextraction or phytostabilization purposes. Recommendations for further research have been discussed.     

Concentrations and Pools of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils in Stockholm,Sweden

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb andZn) and arsenic (As) were surveyed and the metal pools estimatedin soils in Stockholm Municipality. The sampling sites were distributed all over the entire municipality with a higher sampling density in the city centre. Soils were sampled to a maximum depth of 25 to 60 cm. Soil texture, total-C content, electrical conductivity and pH were analysed. Heavy metal concentrations were determined after wet digestion with boiling7 M HNO₃.The results showed a wide range in heavy metal concentrations, as well as in other soil properties. The city centre soils constituted a rather homogeneous group whereas outside this areano geographical zones could be distinguished. These soils were grouped based on present land use, i.e. undisturbed soils, public parks, wasteland (mainly former industrial areas), and roadside soils. The city centre and wasteland soils generally hadenhanced heavy metal concentrations to at least 30 cm depth compared to park soils outside the city centre and rural (arable)soils in the region, which were used to estimate background levels. For example, the mean Hg concentration was 0.9 (max 3.3)mg kg^-1 soil at 0–5 cm and 1.0 (max 2.9) at 30 cm depth in the city centre soils, while the background level was 0,04 mg kg^-1. Corresponding values for Pb were 104 (max 444) and135 (max 339) mg kg^-1, at 0–5 and 30 cm, respectively, while the background level was 17 mg kg^-1.The average soil pools (0–30 cm depth) of Cu, Pb and Zn were 21,38 and 58 g m^-2 respectively, which for Pb was 3–4 timeshigher and for Cu and Zn 1.5–2 times higher than the backgroundlevel. The total amount of accumulated metals (down to 30 cm)in the city centre soils (4.5^*10 ⁶ m² public gardens and green areas) was estimated at 80, 1.1, 120 and 40 t for Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, respectively. The study showed (1) thatfrom a metal contamination point of view, more homogeneous soilgroups were obtained based on present land use than on geographicdistance to the city centre, (2) the importance of establishing a background level in order to quantify the degree of contamination, and (3) soil samples has to be taken below the surface layer (and deeper than 30 cm) in order to quantify theaccumulated metal pools in urban soils.     

Effect of Coconut, Sisal and Jute Fibers on the Properties of Starch/Gluten/Glycerol Matrix

Coconut, sisal and jute fibers were added as reinforcement materials in a biodegradable polymer matrix comprised of starch/gluten/glycerol. The content of fibers used in the composites varied from 5% to 30% by weight of the total polymers (starch and gluten). Materials were processed in a Haake torque rheometer (120 °C, 50 rpm) for 6 min. The mixtures obtained were molded by heat compression and further characterized. Addition of lignocellulosic fibers in the matrix decreased the water absorption at equilibrium. The diffusion coefficient decreased sharply around 5% fiber concentration, and further fiber additions caused only small variations. The thermogravimetric (TG) analysis revealed improved thermal stability of matrix upon addition of fibers. The Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile strength increased with fiber content in the matrix. The storage modulus increased with increasing fiber content, whereas tanδ curves decreased, confirming the reinforcing effect of the fibers. Morphology of the composites analyzed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) exhibited good interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the added fibers. Matrix degraded rapidly in compost, and addition of increased amounts of coconut fiber in the matrix caused a slowdown the biodegradability of the matrix. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.     

Quantification of Polymerisation Processes During The Oxidative Degradation of 14C-Labelled Chlorophenols

In experiments employing the lignocellulose-decaying basidiomycetes Trametes versicolor and Stropharia rugosoannulata degrading uniformly¹⁴C-labelled 2,4-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol, acombination of size exclusion chromatography (SEC),fractionation, and -scintillation counting wasapplied to quantify polymerisation products formed duringchlorophenol degradation. Time-dependent mass balances weregenerated by analysis of ¹⁴C in polymerisation products,CO₂, as well as monomer non-polar and polar metabolites.Approximately 30% of the chlorophenols were found to bepolymerised. A major fraction of the polymerised productscorresponded to a molecular weight range from 0.24 – 40 kDa.Only a minor fraction could be attributed to a molecularweight >40 kDa. This method proved to be useful inquantification of polymerisation products and kinetics of thepolymerisation processes, whereas UV/Vis detection ofpolymerisation products separated by SEC led to false positiveresults. The SEC-¹⁴C method could also be applied forother complex processes where polymerisation ordepolymerisation occurs (humification, degradation oflignocellulose, formation of bound residues from xenobioticssuch as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and where spectrophotometric determinationsare difficult or impossible.     

The Relative Influences of Primary and Secondary Particulates to Urban Air Quality in the United Kingdom

This study uses a combination of data from U.K. monitoringstations and from modelling undertaken with the U.K.Meteorological Office's NAME Model to investigate therelative influences of primary and secondary particulateson total PM₁₀ levels at sites in the United Kingdom. Co-located PM₁₀ and sulphate aerosol measurementsindicate that sulphate has a disproportionately largeinfluence on the variation of PM₁₀ levels incomparison to its contribution to their total mass.Comparisons of measured PM₁₀ at urban centre, roadsideand rural sites suggest that local primary sources havevery little influence on daily mean levels. NAME has beenused to model both primary particles and sulphate aerosolfrom sources across the whole of Europe. The discrepanciesbetween modelled and observed PM₁₀ suggest that coarseparticles, such as windblown dust and resuspended roaddust,may comprise a very large, if not dominant, proportion ofobserved PM₁₀ levels. The apparently minor role ofprimary particles (especially locally-sourced ones) raisesa number of issues regarding the suitability of current U.K.and European legislation to addressing the particle problem.     

Changes in Extractability of Cr and Pb in a Polycontaminated Soil After Bioaugmentation With Microbial Producers of Biosurfactants, Organic Acids and Siderophores

Partly because of the low bioavailability of metals, the soil cleaning-up using phytoremediation is usually time-consuming. In order to enhance the amount of metals at the plant's disposal, the soil bioaugmentation coupled together with phytoextraction is an emerging technology. In this preliminary work, two agricultural soils which mainly differed in their Cr, Hg and Pb contents (LC, low-contaminated soil; HC, high-contaminated soil) were bioaugmented in laboratory conditions by either bacterial (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens or Ralstonia metallidurans) or fungal inocula (Aspergillus niger or Penicillium simplicissimum) and incubated during three weeks. The LC soil pots bioaugmented with A. niger and P. aeruginosa contained higher concentrations of Cr (0.08 and 0.25 mg.kg⁻¹ dw soil) and Pb (0.25 and 0.3 mg.kg⁻¹ dw soil) in the exchangeable fraction F1 (extraction with MgCl₂) by comparison with the non-bioaugmented soil where neither Cr nor Pb was detected. Conversely, immobilization of Cr and Pb in the soil were observed with the other microorganisms. The soil bioaugmentation not only modified the metal speciation for the most easily extractable fractions but also modified the distribution of metals in the other fractions, to a lesser extent nevertheless. The difference in microbial concentrations between the bioaugmented or not HC soils reached up to 1.8 log units. Thus the microorganisms that we chose for the soil bioaugmentation were competitive towards the indigenous microflora. The PCA analysis showed close positive relationships between the microorganisms which potentially produced siderophores in the soil and the amount of Cr and Pb in the fraction F1.