膜生物反应器在废水脱氮除磷中的应用

介绍了两种膜生物反应器（MBR）脱氮除磷工艺：单一反应器间歇曝气MBR工艺和厌氧一好氧MBR工艺。总结了MBR脱氮除磷工艺的国内外研究进展、工艺特点及处理效果，重点探讨了MBR脱氮除磷工艺中同步硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化及反硝化除磷的机理，并指出了今后MBR脱氮除磷进一步研究的重点及方向。     

焦化废水的厌氧—好氧生物处理

焦化废水含有许多难以生物降解的有机物,采用好氧生物法进行处理,虽然出水中的酚、氰等基本上可达到国家排放标准,但COD、NH_3-N等指标远不能达标;采用厌氧生物法进行处理,虽然COD去除率较高,但出水C0D、NH_3-N等指标仍不能达标;采用厌氧-好氧生物法进行处理,可取得较为令人满意的处理效果。     

厌氧-好氧法处理聚氯乙烯离心母液废水

采用厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器与内循环式好氧生物膜反应器串联工艺对悬浮聚合法聚氯乙烯离心母液废水进行连续处理实验。在温度为35℃、厌氧反应器水力停留时间为8h、好氧反应器水力停留时间为6h条件下,TOC总去除率达95％以上,厌氧段为50％左右。结果表明：厌氧段还可提高其出水的可生化性;温度对厌氧及整个系统的处理效果影响较大;运行过程中须向离心母液废水中添加氮、磷等营养物质。     

DO对同步硝化反硝化协同除磷的影响

采用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)处理模拟城市污水,在厌氧--好氧运行方式下,考察了DO对同步硝化反硝化协同除磷效果的影响.结果表明,DO的变化对该系统中有机物的去除影响不显著,当DO为1.5～2.0 mg/L时,TN及TP去除率均能达到90%以上,并可以应用pH曲线拐点来判断系统硝化过程是否完成.     

好氧颗粒污泥技术处理味精废水

采用好氧颗粒污泥技术处理味精废水.实验结果表明:前置缺氧段对反应器脱氮效果影响较小,脱氮过程主要是在好氧段实现;曝气段的最佳工艺条件为曝气量0.38 m3/h,曝气时间5.5 h;在进水COD、p(NH3-N)和TN分别为l000.00～1300.00,70.00～130.00,100.00～200.00 mg/L的条件下,COD、NH3-N和TN的去除率可分别维持在90％、99％和85％以上,实现了味精废水的高效脱氮处理.有机物主要在曝气初期的1.5 h内被去除,其在微生物体内以聚β-羟基丁酸形式储存,以提供反硝化过程中所需要的碳源.与普通SBR相比,接种好氧颗粒污泥后的反应器对味精废水具有更好的处理效果.     

气浮-水解-序批式活性污泥法处理高浓度特种丙烯酸废水

采用气浮—水解—序批式活性污泥法(SBR)处理高浓度特种丙烯酸废水,研究了投加生活污水对处理效果的影响及厌氧水解时间、SBR曝气时间、污泥负荷等因素对COD去除率的影响,结果表明,按1∶1体积比投加生活污水,厌氧水解时间2d,序批式活性污泥法曝气时间10h(进水后期曝气1h,共曝气11h),污泥负荷小于或等于0.08kg/(kg.d)时,出水COD小于85m g/L,满足处理要求。     

混凝-间歇式活性污泥法处理炼油废水

采用混凝-间歇式活性污泥（SBR）法处理炼油废水，考察了混凝、SBR法对炼油废水的处理效果。实验结果表明：在硫酸铝、聚丙烯酰胺、CaCl2加入量分别为50，3，100mg／L的条件下，油去除率为82．7％，COD去除率为57．1％，BOD，／COD为0．24，混凝处理出水具有一定的可生化性；对混凝处理出水用SBR法进行厌氧水解2h、好氧曝气9h的生物处理后，出水COD低于150mg／L，COD去除率在80％左右。     

镍对活性污泥生物除磷的影响及其机理

以实际生活污水为研究对象，在序批式活性污泥反应器中探究了Ni2+对活性污泥形态及生物除磷性能的影响。实验结果表明，Ni2+能够抑制生物除磷，当Ni2+质量浓度由0 mg/L增加至10.0 mg/L时，PO43--P去除率由93%下降至12%。机理研究结果表明：Ni2+能抑制聚磷微生物的厌氧释磷和好氧吸磷，并能抑制内聚物聚羟基烷酸酯（PHA）的合成；当Ni2+质量浓度为10.0 mg/L时，PHA的最大含量仅为2.4 mmol/g （以单位质量挥发性悬浮物所含PHA中C的物质的量计），远低于空白组中PHA的含量。此外，Ni2+还对微生物群落的组成产生影响，并促进活性污泥中聚糖微生物的增殖。     

以焦末为载体的生物流化床处理生活污水研究

以焦末为载体的生物流化床反应器处理模拟生活污水,考察了水力停留时间HRT、曝气强度、进水COD浓度、回流速率和进水pH值等因素对生物流化床短期内的影响.现条件下,生物流化床处理模拟生活污水的最佳工艺条件为:HRT 2.5～3.0 h、曝气强度45.9 m3/(m2·h)、进水COD浓度不超过2 000 mg/L、回流液速2.48 cm/s、pH值7.0～8.0,此时COD去除率达90％以上.     

废水厌氧(水解)--好氧生物组合处理工艺研究进展

比较了厌氧(水解)法和好氧法废水生物处理技术的优缺点，分析了厌氧(水解)—好氧组合工艺的主要优势；并根据组合工艺在空间和时间上的4种不同实现形式，总结了近年来国内外组合工艺的应用现状和发展趋势。     

Waste stabilization mechanism by a recirculatory semi-aerobic landfill with the aeration system

The main purpose of this research is to clarify and compare the mechanism of waste stabilization by a recirculatory semi-aerobic landfill with the aeration system. Our research is proposing the semi-aerobic landfill system for developing countries because of the simple and low-cost technology for the final disposal. Moreover, this system with leachate recirculation can be a more effective system for waste stabilization because of the improvement of leachate quality as an organic pollutant and, also, nitrogen removal. In this research, five different systems of landfill (Ae: aerobic, An: anaerobic, Se: semi-aerobic, SeR: recirculatory semi-aerobic landfill, and SeRA: recirculatory semi-aerobic landfill with aeration system) are compared with lysimeters which are 1 m high with a diameter of 0.3 m. The results of the leachate quality shows that the leachate treatment effect of the SeRA system can be observed to be as high as the Ae system. To determine the mechanism of this process, all lysimeters are dismantled after 1,100 days in the experimental period and the waste composition, the dissolution test, the mass balance of carbon and nitrogen, the determination of bacterial counts, etc., were analyzed. In this research, it was proven that the SeRA system has an optimal leachate treatment effect that is the same as the Ae system. And, from the results of the mass balance of carbon and nitrogen, the SeR and SeRA systems show higher waste stabilization effectiveness and nitrogen removal than the other systems. Moreover, the number of the aerobic bacteria can be observed to be higher in the SeR and SeRA systems. To determine these results, the waste stabilization mechanism is considered by the results of leachate quality, the mass balance of carbon and nitrogen, and, also, the bacterial numbers.     

制药废水硝化-反硝化除氮研究

含高浓度氮的制药废水经好氧生化处理后,虽然出水的ＣＯＤ,ＢＯＤ５均可达到行业排放标准,但ＴＮ仍高达约１７０ｍｇ／Ｌ。本研究在曝气池中设置填料,利用生物膜外层好氧,内层缺氧厌氧的条件,使硝化－反硝化脱氮在同一构筑物内进行,ＮＨ３－Ｎ和ＴＮ去除率分别可达约９０％和７０％。在本试验条件范围内,温度越高,负荷越低,硝化和反硝化作用越完全,ＮＨ３－Ｎ和ＴＮ去除率越高。     

微碱解-厌氧水解-SBR好氧生化法处理有机磷农药废水

介绍了微碱解——厌氧水解——SBR好氧生化法处理有机磷农药废水的工艺流程、工艺参数和处理效果。废水处理设施运行结果：废水COD去除率平均为90.1%,BOD5去除率平均为94.2%,TP去除率平均为84.9%。     

氮气气提法去除油田废水中的H2S

以氮气为载气,采用气提法去除油田废水中的H2S.实验结果表明,氮气气提法去除油田废水中的H2S效果显著,在水浴温度为45℃、氮气流量为3 L/min、通气时间为30min、油田废水pH为5.0的条件下,废水中H2S的去除率可达98％以上,升高水浴温度和降低废水中的含油量有助于提高H2S去除率.经氮气气提法处理后废水pH提高到7.5,碳钢的腐蚀速率降至0.02 mm/a,废水达到SY/T5329-1994《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》的指标.     

好氧-兼氧-好氧法处理氯碱生产废水

介绍了好氧－兼氧－好氧系统处理氯碱行业电石渣上清液、助剂废水的工艺流程和处理效果。废水经处理后，进水COD从1000mg/L下降至90mg/L以下，COD去除率平均为87.5%,BOD5去除率平均为93.3%，出水指标达到GB8978－1996一级排放标准。     

Higher pH and faster decomposition in biowaste composting by increased aeration

Composting of source separated municipal biowaste has at several plants in Scandinavia been hampered by low pH. In this study the hypothesis that increased aeration would improve the process was tested in full-scale experiments at two large composting plants. The O2 concentrations were high (>15%) even at the low aeration rates, so the prevailing low pH was not due to an anaerobic process environment. In spite of this, increased aeration rates at the start of the process resulted in higher microbial activity, increased pH and a more stable compost product. At one plant the decomposition rate varied in proportion to the aeration rate, to the extent that the temperatures and O2 concentrations were similar during the early processes even though aeration rates varied between 10 and 50 m3/(h, m3 compost). However, increased aeration caused severe drying of the compost, but at one plant the addition of water was adequate to prevent drying. In conclusion, by increasing the aeration rates and adding water to compensate for drying, it was possible to shorten the time needed to produce a stable compost product and thus to increase the efficiency of the composting plants.     

How to engineer biological processes that neutralize hazardous wastes

Because bioremediation must satisfy the fundamental biological tastes of specific organisms, environmental engineers must create a nutritious waste stew. Waste-hungry organisms need a proper electron acceptor. Oxygen is preferred; if it is not available, nitrate, sulfate, or carbon dioxide may work. The waste itself is a source of carbon and energy. Macronutrients are next—including phosphorus, nitrogen, and certain metals, if they are not already present in the wastewater—as well as micronutrients. Other factors, including pH, temperature, aeration, and mixing must suit the organisms' natural temperaments. This article explores how bioengineers can combine these ingredients in precise quantities and proportions in both conventional and innovative aerobic and anaerobic bioprocesses, including in situ treatment and even composting, to make the organisms healthy, happy, and inexpensive.     

基于固态碳源的自养-异养耦合生物脱氮工艺研究

采用基于固态碳源的厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合脱氮工艺处理高氮低碳的金属热处理废水。通过接种城市生活污水处理厂剩余污泥和厌氧氨氧化絮状污泥,研究了以固态碳源（3-羟基丁酸脂和3-羟基戊酸脂共聚物,PHBV）和沸石为组合填料的分区式耦合反应器的启动和运行特性。经过76 d的运行,耦合反应器的总氮去除速率达1.05 kg/（m³·d）,且具有良好的出水COD稳定性。废水经过反应器沸石区后,氨氮去除率达97%,亚硝态氮去除率达81%,而硝态氮去除率几乎为零;经过PHBV区后,硝态氮去除率达76%,亚硝态氮去除率达99%,氨氮去除率达97%。沸石区主要进行厌氧氨氧化反应,PHBV区主要进行反硝化反应,功能分区明确,耦合效果较好。     

厌氧／好氧生物脱氮－絮凝法处理焦化废水

采用厌氧／好氧生物脱氨－絮凝法处理焦化废水，出水中ＮＨ＿３－Ｎ＜１５ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤ为９６－１５８ｍｇ／Ｌ。利用甲醇残液及其他有机废水作为外加碳源，可以达到以废治废的目的。     

好氧颗粒污泥脱氮性能研究

研究了序批式反应器的污泥沉降时间、曝气速率、水力停留时间、进水方式等参数对好氧颗粒污泥的性能以及COD,NH4^*—N,TN去除率的影响。研究结果表明,在一个运行周期内,反应器运行工艺参数,如DO质量浓度和pH,具有一定的变化规律,并且其变化与反应器内各物质的转化存在严格的对应关系。因此,参照反应器运行工艺参数的特征点,对反应过程进行必要的控制,可达到较理想的处理效果。