国外新一代空气质量模式系统（一）

十几年来，大气边界层湍流与扩散特征r研究进展很快，对边界层湍流特征分类也有了更加深入的认识，新的空气质量模式不断涌现。为使读者对国外新一代空气质量模式系统有一个比较全面的了解，自本期起，将陆续介绍近几年国外发展的第二代空气质量模式系统，主要有加拿大的AMS系统，丹麦的OML系统，英国的ADMS系统以及美国的HPDM系统。近几年，从空气质量管理角度出发，一些主要工业国家都在着手发展作为规则模式的第二代空气质量模式系统，如加拿大安大略环境部发展的空气质量管理系统，美国Sigma研究公司为EPRI发展的HPDM系统，丹…     

PPSP扩散模式在我国的初步应用

1982年美国J.C.Weil和R.P.Brower根据电厂测试数据,推荐适合高架源的PPSP扩散模式,以改选旧的高斯型模式,如CRSTER模式。我们在神头电厂大气环境预评价中,根据实测的扩散参数,气象背景和地面二氧化硫浓度等资料,用PPSP模式、CRSTER模式和国标GB3840—83,分别计算二氧化硫地面浓度并与实测值比较。在封闭型不稳定条件下,用PPSP模式计算二氧化硫最大地面浓度,所得最大浓度值及其距离与实测结果较为符合。     

对流边界层的几种扩散模式

本文分析了80年代发展起来的几种对流边界层扩散模式,利用神头(1984)浓度实测资料和Willis、Hukari(1984)水槽实验结果对模式适用性进行了讨论,认为:在小浮力(F.<0.1)条件下,Venkatram(1983)模式(考虑地面和混合层顶各一次反射)为对流条件下的适用模式;在大浮力(F.>0.1)条件下,当无穿透或少穿透(穿透系数P<0.4)时,采用Venkatram(1980)模式,当穿透较多(P>0.4)时,采用PPSP模式。     

用于高烟囱的PPSP扩散模式

本文介绍和评述一个修正的高斯型扩散模式,PPSP,其特点是按最新边界层知识考虑稳定度、扩散参数和抬升公式。经以电厂烟囱下风方向实测的大量SO_2地面浓度值检验,证明此模式远较CRSTER模式为好。     

试论环境影响评价对工程建设的指导作用

本文论述了环境影响评价(EIA)对工程建设的指导作用,提出了超前性和针对性是提高EIA实用性的两个关键,并从评价方法、工作程序、研究重点、评价结论等方面作了多层次的阐述。     

国外新一代空气质量模式系统（三）

美国希嗄玛研究公式的Hanna和Paine（1989）曾发展了一套用于高架源的空气质量模式系统HPDM，并于1991年在此基础上进行了修改和完善，作为美国EPRI的行业规则模式体系（HannaandChang，1992）。这套模式基本上属于第二代空气质量模式。它的主要特点是：（1）抛弃了传统的Pasquill稳定度分类法，而是基本上将大气边界层分为稳定、近中性和不稳定三大类；（2）扩散参数体系也抛弃了Pasqull曲线或幂指数形式，而是采用普适函数或无量纲表达式（不稳定）的形式；（3）不稳定条件下（除近中性外）基本上抛弃了高斯模式体系，而是采用PDF…     

生命周期评价与环境影响评价的应用比较

生命周期评价(LCA)被誉为21世纪最有潜力的环境管理工具,它充分考虑了时间因素.环境影响评价(EIA)在我国已经发展起来,它作为企业或项目实施必需的一个环节,充分考虑了空间因素.通过对生命周期评价定义、发展的介绍,将其与环境影响评价相比较,提出将两种方法发展成为一种四维的、新的、更加全面的环境管理和评价方法.     

新疆天业循环经济产业链之废渣综合利用项目

介绍了新疆天业(集团)循环经济产业链中的废渣综合治理情况,重点论述了干法乙炔配套干法水泥工艺、粉煤灰蒸压制砖工艺和电石渣烟气脱硫工艺。这些废渣综合利用技术不仅解决了长期困扰电石法聚氯乙烯装置废渣处理问题,更为企业带来了较好的经济效益和环保效益,使新疆天业循环经济、节能减排工作得到更全面的发展,同时也为电石法聚氯乙烯循环经济模式的建立提供全方位的示范。     

电除尘器微机数学模式及其应用

一、数学模式简介电除尘器的数学模式是设计、应用和研究电除尘器的重要手段。美国南方研究所(SRI)于1975年首次建立电除尘器的数学模式,用于中、小型计算机。此后相继推出了三个改进式,又于1983年将此模式稍作简化后用于微型计算机。     

对废聚乙烯热解过程的研究

<正>Fuel,2014,133(10):276废高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)可转化为大量的气体(转化率大于90%)。感应加热被引入作为热解废HDPE的一种高效节能方法。研究人员研究了加氢裂化对烷烃-烯烃比的影响,并评估了连续操作模式下催化剂的失活和再生性能。研究人员深入研究了废聚乙烯瓶的热催化裂解,以确定在连续模式下操作该工艺的可能性。以强大的催化性能和精确的选择性而著称的两种类型的沸石催化剂(HUSY和HBeta),被用来研究在     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

High Immobilization of NH4+ in Danish Heath Soil Related to Succession,Soil and Nutrients: Implications for Critical Loads of N

During recent decades heathlands havechanged into grasslands in regions with high atmosphericnitrogen deposition. In regions with intermediatedeposition level (e.g., Denmark) changes have been lesspronounced which may be due to delay or decrease inresponse of the ecosystem. The mor layer (O horizon) mayplay an important role for this delay due to high sinkstrength for N. In this study, the capacity for netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization and mineralization wasstudied during short- and long-term incubations (2–36 days)of mor samples from Danish dry inland heaths. High short-term capacity for net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization wasfound to be a general characteristic of Danish heath morlayers both under heather (Calluna vulgaris) andcrowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp nigrum), the latterdominating late stages in heathland succession. The netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization was higher under youngcompared to old or dead vegetation, and higher on lessnutrient poor soils than on extremely nutrient poor soils.The addition of N, P and C stimulated CO₂ productionand net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization, but not net Nmineralization. The immobilization of ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺caused release of dissolved organic N, increased N anddecreased C/N ratio in the microbial biomass, and indicatedgrowth of microorganisms with other metabolic abilitiesthan the indigenous population. No evidence was obtained ofstabilization of immobilized ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ intosoil organic matter during the experiment. On background ofthe results and current knowledge it was concluded that therecognition of the high capacity for net NH₄ ⁺immobilization in mor layers does not allow for a raiseof critical loads for N for northern dry inland heaths.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Selection of Autochthonous Plant Species from SE Spain for Soil Lead Phytoremediation Purposes

Mining activity in SE of Spain, in the west Mediterranean coast, originated more than two millenniums ago. It has generated huge areas affected by heavy metals contamination, especially of lead, which is possibly one of the most important. Investigations related to the selection of autochthonous plant taxa from a typical Spanish Mediterranean area, useful for phytoextraction and phytostabilization purposes in these polluted areas are shown. Under these edaphoclimatic conditions 12 interesting species were considered, from them six taxa were chosen for further studies. Some plant species have been proposed either for phytoextraction or phytostabilization purposes. Recommendations for further research have been discussed.