用四-(对氨基苯基)-卟啉柱前衍生的高效液相色谱法测定重金属

研究了用固相萃取富集、快速分离柱高效液相色谱法测定环境水样中镍、锡、铅、镉、汞5种重金属的方法。环境水样中的镍、锡、铅、镉、汞用四-(对氨基苯基)-卟啉(T4APP)柱前衍生,然后用ZORBAX RP18固相萃取小柱萃取富集镍、锡、铅、镉、汞的T4APP络合物,经富集后的络合物用甲醇-丙酮(体积比95∶5)为流动相,ZORBAX Stab le Bound(4.6 mm×50 mm,1.8μm)快速分离柱为固定相分离,用二极管矩阵检测器检测。镍、锡、铅、镉、汞的检测限分别为4,5,4,3,3 ng/L,分离5种重金属元素络合物的时间只需2.0 m in,相对标准偏差为2.2%~4.1%,加标回收率为88%~104%。用该法测定环境水样中的痕量镍、锡、铅、镉、汞,结果令人满意。     

还原去氯—高压液相色谱法测定变电站土壤中残留的多氯联苯

本文叙述了用氢化铝锂将多氯联苯去氯还原成联苯,然后用带萤光检测器的高压液相色谱法测定变电站土壤样品中残留的多氯联苯的实验方法,检测限可达0.5毫微克。该方法无需用多氯联苯标样作对照,操作简便、实用。     

专利文摘

水处理用絮凝剂该专利公开了一种可长期贮存、单独使用、聚集力强的水处理用絮凝剂。其特征在于该絮凝剂由加有铁盐的硅酸组成,在制备过程中,用市售水玻璃作为硅酸,水玻璃可以溶解在酸性的或碱性的溶液中,硅酸溶液中的硅质量分数在0.5%～2%之     

光度法测定大气中的己二胺

研究了用蒸馏水为吸收液采样、用２，４－二硝基氯苯光度法测定大气中己二胺的浓度。通过试验，确定了采样方法、显色剂和Ｎａ２ＣＯ３溶液用量、反应液ｐＨ、显色反应温度和时间、萃取时间等；得出大气中己二胺的最低检出浓度为０．４μｇ／ｍ３，吸收液平行测定的相对标准偏差为２．１％，加标回收率为９２％￣９４％。     

用酚渣油制备酚渣油树脂

用酚渣油为原料，模拟酚醛树脂合成方法，对酚渣油的催化交联、松香改性等化学过程进行了研究，合成出性能良好、可用于制备涂料与胶粘剂的酚渣油树脂。试验结果表明，依照该工艺生产的酚渣油树脂，其主要技术指标达到制备涂料用酚醛树脂的标准，用酚渣油制备的涂料和胶粘剂的性能优于酚醛树脂。     

变废为宝

鸡蛋壳把鸡蛋壳研成粉末,可治胃酸过多的胃痛。鸡胆用鸡胆三个烘干,用白糖搅和,一天吃两次,五天一个疗程,可治小儿百日咳。鱼胆有清热解毒的作用。掺进黄柏粉,晒干研细,敷在患处,对湿疹有一定疗效。香蕉皮用香蕉皮煎汤喝,可治高血压,并能防治脑溢血。生姜皮炖肉、烧鱼都是用姜,把姜皮存起,煎汤喝,能起到利尿健脾的作     

原子吸收光谱法在测定环境中无机阴离子和有机物的应用(三)

四、氧化还原反应通过与一种或两种氧化还原试剂(其中有一种是金属离子)反应可以测定氧化物或还原物。然后用一种分离法来分离还原或氧化时加入的金属离子。刘其中提出了用冷原子吸收法间接测定大气中砷化物,其原理是用盐酸溶解采     

大气SO2测定方法的研究

采集大气中SO_2时,通常用四氯汞钠作吸收液。这是剧毒物品,易造成二次污染。本文介绍用三乙醇胺、乙二胺四乙酸二钠和氨基磺酸铵作吸收液,然后用盐酸付玫瑰苯胺比色法(以下简称为TEA法),测定大气中SO_2,以代替国家标准推荐的汞盐吸收液采     

燃用低硫无烟煤或贫煤大容量锅炉的新型电除尘器研制成功

燃用低硫无烟煤或贫煤大容量锅炉的新型电除尘器,最近在兰州通过水电部技术鉴定。参加鉴定会的代表有部基建司、环保办、机械修造公司、成套设备公司、有关电力局、电力设计院、研究所、发电厂、电建公司、电力修造厂等41个单位76人。我国火电厂锅炉燃用煤种多变,大量燃     

实验室废水的处理

本文介绍了实验室废水的处理方法,将实验室浓、稀废水分别收集;浓废水分为浓有机废水,含汞、铬废酸和酸碱废水等三种,分别用焚烧法、水泥固定法与中和法处理;稀废水用活性炭吸附法处理。     

A Preliminary Laboratory Study of Initial Copper Release from Dredge Residuals

A preliminary laboratory study was conducted to investigate the impact of different residual types and sediment surface roughness on copper contaminant fluxes to the water column. Sediments from Torch Lake, Michigan served as the test samples. These sediments are mining by‐products with elevated Cu levels. Six experiments were run during which the sediments were conditioned to simulate different forms of residuals. During these experiments, the water column above the sediments was circulated via peristaltic pumping or orbital shaking and the total and dissolved Cu levels were monitored periodically for 15 days. Dissolved Cu levels indicated that during the first 48 hr the water column concentrations approached equilibrium for all six cases. Total Cu levels increased with time and did reach equilibrium but were more susceptible to fluctuations in water column suspended solids levels. Analysis of the resulting dissolved Cu data indicated that the resulting water column Cu concentrations differed with sediment surface and residual type. The highest dissolved Cu water column concentrations were observed for a roughened surface with a larger surface area. The lowest water column dissolved Cu levels were observed for the case with sediment slurry placed over clean sand. The dissolved Cu levels in the water column for all six simulated conditions were several orders higher than the USEPA ambient water quality criteria for protection of aquatic life. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*     

Sequestration of metals in active cap materials: A laboratory and numerical evaluation

Active capping involves the use of capping materials that react with sediment contaminants to reduce their toxicity or bioavailability. Although several amendments have been proposed for use in active capping systems, little is known about their long‐term ability to sequester metals. Recent research has shown that the active amendment apatite has potential application for metals‐contaminated sediments. The focus of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of apatite in the sequestration of metal contaminants through the use of short‐term laboratory column studies in conjunction with predictive, numerical modeling. A breakthrough column study was conducted using North Carolina apatite as the active amendment. Under saturated conditions, a spike solution containing elemental As, Cd, Co, Se, Pb, Zn, and a nonreactive tracer was injected into the column. A sand column was tested under similar conditions as a control. Effluent water samples were periodically collected from each column for chemical analysis. Relative to the nonreactive tracer, the breakthrough of each metal was substantially delayed by the apatite. Furthermore, breakthrough of each metal was substantially delayed by the apatite compared to the sand column. Finally, a simple 1‐D, numerical model was created to qualitatively predict the long‐term performance of apatite based on the findings from the column study. The results of the modeling showed that apatite could delay the breakthrough of some metals for hundreds of years under typical groundwater flow velocities. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

色谱法测定空气中丁酮和甲苯含量

采用活性炭吸附－苯解吸－填充柱色谱法测定酮苯脱蜡车间空气中丁酮和甲苯的含量，在填充柱上丁酮、苯和甲苯可得到完全分离。该方法的准确度和精密度较同，相对误差〈５％，色谱平行测定结果的相对偏差〈５％，最小检出浓度为１ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。     

用高效液相色谱法分析精对苯二甲酸残渣

用高效液相色谱法分析精对苯二甲酸残渣，考察了适宜的操作条件。实验结果表明，在采用阴离子交换柱作分析柱，浓度为0．2mol／L的磷酸二氢铵缓冲液为流动相、体积分数为10％的甲醇作有机改性剂、用磷酸调试样pH为6—7、检测波长为240nm的最佳条件下，分离效果最好，对羧基苯甲醛、苯甲酸、对甲基苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、1，2，4-苯三酸、1，3，5-苯三酸的加标回收率分别为98．39％，98．81％，98．66％，97．73％，98．93％，98．90％，98．25％，98．40％。相对标准偏差分别为0．87％，0．49％，0．76％，0．88％，0．71％，0．46％，0．63％，0．47％，方法的检出限分别为0．1，0．2，0．1，0．4，0．1，0．4，0．6，2．0mg／L，线性范围分别为0．88-17．50，1．48～29．60，1．47～29．30，1．34～26．80，1．79～35．80，2．70～53．90，2．98～59．50，3．00～59．90mg／L。     

Comparison of leaching tests to determine and quantify the release of inorganic contaminants in demolition waste

The changes in waste management policy caused by the massive generation of waste materials (e.g. construction and demolition waste material, municipal waste incineration products) has led to an increase in the reuse and recycling of waste materials. For environmental risk assessment, test procedures are necessary to examine waste materials before they can be reused. In this article, results of column and lysimeter leaching tests having been applied to inorganic compounds in a reference demolition waste material are presented. The results show a good agreement between the leaching behaviour determined with the lysimeter unit and the column units used in the laboratory. In view of less time and system requirements compared to lysimeter systems, laboratory column units can be considered as a practicable instrument to assess the time-dependent release of inorganic compounds under conditions similar to those encountered in a natural environment. The high concentrations of elements in the seepage water at the initial stage of elution are reflected by the laboratory column leaching tests. In particular, authorities or laboratories might benefit and have an easy-to-use, but nevertheless reliable, method to serve as a basis for decision-making.     

Fate and transport of phenol in a packed bed reactor containing simulated solid waste

An assessment of the risk to human health and the environment associated with the presence of organic contaminants (OCs) in landfills necessitates reliable predictive models. The overall objectives of this study were to (1) conduct column experiments to measure the fate and transport of an OC in a simulated solid waste mixture, (2) compare the results of column experiments to model predictions using HYDRUS-1D (version 4.13), a contaminant fate and transport model that can be parameterized to simulate the laboratory experimental system, and (3) determine model input parameters from independently conducted batch experiments. Experiments were conducted in which sorption only and sorption plus biodegradation influenced OC transport. HYDRUS-1D can reasonably simulate the fate and transport of phenol in an anaerobic and fully saturated waste column in which biodegradation and sorption are the prevailing fate processes. The agreement between model predictions and column data was imperfect (i.e., within a factor of two) for the sorption plus biodegradation test and the error almost certainly lies in the difficulty of measuring a biodegradation rate that is applicable to the column conditions. Nevertheless, a biodegradation rate estimate that is within a factor of two or even five may be adequate in the context of a landfill, given the extended retention time and the fact that leachate release will be controlled by the infiltration rate which can be minimized by engineering controls.     

Removal of unburned carbon from municipal solid waste fly ash by column flotation

Unburned carbon (UC) is the major source of organic contaminants in municipal solid waste (MSW) fly ash. So most organic contaminants can be removed by the removal of the UC from the MSW fly ash. In this paper, we first used a technique of column flotation to remove UC from MSW fly ash. The influences of column flotation parameters on the recovery efficiency of UC were systematically studied. It was found that the UC recovery efficiency was greatly influenced by the gas flow rate, pH value, collector kerosene's concentration and the types of fly ash. By optimizing the above parameters, we have successfully removed 61.2% of the UC from MSW fly ash having 5.24% UC content. The removal mechanism was well accounted for the kinetic theory of column flotation and surface-chemistry theory. The results indicate that the column flotation technique is effective in removing the UC from MSW fly ash, and show that there is a strong possibility for practical application of this technique in removing the organic contaminants from MSW fly ash.     

Long-term leaching test of incinerator bottom ash: evaluation of Cu partition

Two types of leaching tests were performed on the bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerators. A short-term batch test specified by the America Nuclear Society (ANS) and long-term column tests with acetic acid (pH 5.2) as leaching solution were used to evaluate copper leachability. The Cu leaching after the 5-d ANS test is about 1% of the original Cu content of 5300 mg/kg. Upon addition of a stabilizing agent, the Cu leaching quantity is reduced; the extent of reduction depends on the type of chemical used (phosphate, carbonate and sulfide). The 1.6% Na(2)S addition showed negligible Cu leaching, and Na(2)S was, therefore, used in subsequent column tests. The 30-d column test indicates a steady increase of Cu leaching amount with time and reaches about 1.5% of the original Cu content after 30 d. A 180-d column test further increased the Cu leaching to about 5.1% of the original Cu content, whereas no appreciable Cu leaching was found with the addition of 1.6% Na(2)S. A sequential extraction was conducted on the raw ash, ash with the addition of Na(2)S and the residue ash after 30 d of operation to characterize Cu affinity for different solid fractions. The data were used to evaluate the fate of Cu through these interactions.     

Leaching from MSWI bottom ash: evaluation of non-equilibrium in column percolation experiments

Impacts of non-equilibrium on results of percolation experiments on municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash were investigated. Three parallel column experiments were performed: two columns with undisturbed percolation and one column with two sets of 1-month-long flow interruptions applied at liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratios of L/S 2L/kg and 12L/kg, respectively. Concentrations of Na, K, Cl(-), Ca, Si, SO(4)(2-), Al, Cu, Ni, Mo, Ba, Pb, Zn, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were monitored throughout the entire leaching period; geochemical modeling was used to identify non-equilibrium-induced changes in the solubility control. Despite both physical and chemical non-equilibrium, the columns were found to provide adequate information for readily soluble compounds (i.e., Na, Cl(-), and K) and solubility-controlled elements (i.e., Ca, SO(4)(2-), Ba, Si, Al, Zn, and Pb). The leaching of Cu and Ni was shown to depend strongly on DOC leaching, which was likely affected by physical non-equilibrium during flow interruptions. Consequently, the leaching of Cu and Ni in the undisturbed columns was shown to be by about one order of magnitude lower compared with the interrupted column. The results indicate that the leaching of DOC-related metals in laboratory column experiments may be considerably underestimated compared with full-scale scenarios in which the impacts from non-equilibrium may be significantly lower. The leaching of Mo (or MoO(4)(2-)) may be controlled solely by its availability in the mobile zone, which in turn appeared to be controlled by diffusion from the stagnant zone; no Mo controlling minerals were predicted by the geochemical modeling.     

Availability and leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Controlling processes and comparison of testing methods

We have studied the availability and leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from two contaminated materials, a tar-containing asphalt granulate (Sigma16 US-EPA PAHs 3412mg/kg) and gasworks soil (SigmaPAHs 900mg/kg), by comparing results from three typical types of leaching tests: a column, sequential batch, and two different availability tests. The sequential batch test was found to largely resemble the column test. However, the leaching of particularly the larger PAHs (>5 aromatic rings) was found to be enhanced in the batch test by up to an order of magnitude, probably due to their association with large DOC (dissolved organic carbon) molecules generated by the vigorous mixing. The release of PAHs in the two availability tests, in which the leaching is facilitated by either a high concentration of DOC or Tenax resin, was similar, although the latter test was easier to perform and yielded more repeatable results. The availability was much higher than the amount leached in the column and sequential batch tests. However, biodegradation had apparently occurred in the column test and the total amount of PAHs released by either leaching or biodegradation, 9% and 26% for asphalt granulate and gasworks soil, respectively, did equal the amount leached in the availability tests. Therefore, the availability was found to provide a relevant measure of the PAH fraction that can be released from the solid phase. These results stress the importance of using the available instead of the total amount of contaminant in the risk analysis of solid materials in utilization or disposal.