欧盟包装废物管理和总体产生特性分析

欧盟旱在1994年就颁布了包装和包装废物的指令，提出了包装废物管理的目标和管理内容，要求各成员国采取积极的经济和法律措施，建立自由流通的公平市场秩序。通过研究评估表明，包装和包装废物指令的实施产生了多方面的积极影响。统计数据表明，历年包装废物回收总量平稳增加，处置量平稳下降，单位GDP产值产生包装废物的系数基本保持稳定，但各国包装废物人均产生量存在较大差异。     

Oil Spill Modeling towards the Close of the 20th Century: Overview of the State of the Art

The state-of-the-art in oil spill modeling is summarized, focusing primarily on the years from 1990 to the present. All models seek to describe the key physical and chemical processes that transport and weather the oil on and in the sea. Current insights into the mechanisms of these processes and the availability of algorithms for describing and predicting process rates are discussed. Advances are noted in the areas of advection, spreading, evaporation, dispersion, emulsification, and interactions with ice and shorelines. Knowledge of the relationship between oil properties, and oil weathering and fate, and the development of models for the evaluation of oil spill response strategies are summarized. Specific models are used as examples where appropriate. Future directions in these and other areas are indicated     

Pyrolysis of tyres. Influence of the final temperature of the process on emissions and the calorific value of the products recovered

A study was made of the pyrolysis of tyre particles, with the aim of determining the possibilities of using the products resulting from the process as fuel. Three final temperatures were used, determined from thermogravimetric data. The design of the experiment was a horizontal oven containing a reactor into which particles of the original tyre were placed. After the process, a solid fraction (char) remained in the reactor, while the gases generated went through a set of scrubbers where most of the condensable fraction (oils) was retained. Finally, once free of this fraction, the gases were collected in glass ampoules. Solid and liquids fractions were subjected to thermogravimetric analyses in order to study their combustibility. The gas fraction was analysed by means of gas chromatography to establish the content of CO, CO2, H2 and hydrocarbons present in the samples (mainly components of gases produced in the pyrolysis process). A special study was made of the sulphur and chlorine content of all the fractions, as the presence of these elements could be problematic if the products are used as fuel. Tyre pyrolysis engenders a solid carbon residue that concentrates sulphur and chorine, with a relatively high calorific value, although not so high as that of the original tyre. The liquid fraction produced by the process has a high calorific value, which rises with the final temperature, up to 40 MJ/kg. The chlorine content of this fraction is negligible. Over 95% of the gas fraction, regardless of the final temperature, is composed of hydrocarbons of a low molecular weight and hydrogen, this fraction also appearing to be free of chlorine.     

Economic aspects of the rehabilitation of the Hiriya landfill

The Hiriya landfill, Israel's largest, operated from 1952 to 1998. The landfill, located in the heart of the Dan Region, developed over the years into a major landscape nuisance and environmental hazard. In 1998, the Israeli government decided to close the landfill, and in 2001 rehabilitation activities began at the site, including site investigations, engineering and scientific evaluations, and end-use planning. The purpose of the present research is to perform a cost-benefit analysis of engineering and architectural-landscape rehabilitation projects considered for the site. An engineering rehabilitation project is required for the reduction of environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, slope instability and leachate formation. An architectural-landscape rehabilitation project would consider improvements to the site to make it suitable for future end uses such as a public park. The findings reveal that reclamation is worthwhile only in the case of architectural-landscape rehabilitation of the landfill, converting it into a public park. Engineering rehabilitation alone was found to be unjustified, but is essential to enable the development of a public park.     

Comparative Thermodynamic Study on the Contribution of the Autocondensation and Copolymerization Reactions for the Tannins of the Subspecies of Acacia nilotica

Autocondensation and copolymerization reactions of the Acacia nilotica subspecies tomentosa (Ant) and the subspecies adansonii (Ana) tannins extracts solutions have been studied at several pH values by thermomechanical analyzer. Results of chemical analysis of these tannins revealed that the studied tannins, Ant and Ana contained high percentages of extractable tannins (54 and 57 %) for and polyphenolic materials (78 and 80 %) respectively. Different hardeners such as paraformaldehyde, Urea and pMDI were added at different ratios and their polycondensation reactions was studied and compared with their autocondensation ones. The aim was to evaluate the tannins suitability for the production of commercially and technically viable tannin adhesives with reduced Formaldehyde emission for wood products and to study the interference between the autocondensation and the copolymerization reaction. The obtained results of autocondensation reaction for both of the tannins studied showed that the best Young’s modulus values for Ant (3,500 and 2,750 MPa) and Ana (2,650 and 2,620 MPa) were obtained at pH 5 and 7. The Young’s modulus values obtained by the tannins Ant were higher than those achieved by Ana. This indicates that the Ant is more reactive than Ana. These results were also in line with results achieved by the gel time for both of the tannins. Gel time results indicate that the reactivity of both tannins increased towards alkalinity with Ana being more reactive at alkaline pH. Addition of 8 % of paraformaldehyde was adversely affecting the autocondensation reactions, as the best Young’s modulus values were achieved at pH 4 for Ant tannins. As for Ana the higher Young’s modulus values (2,000 and 2,310 MPa) were achieved at pH 5 and 7. This indicates that autocondensation reaction was contributed to the final network of the copolymerization reaction. When smaller ratio of paraformaldehyde and Urea (5 %) was added to Ant tannins it favors the autocondensation reaction and the best Young’s modulus values were obtained at pH 5 and 7. Addition of pMDI (10–30 %) was found to decrease the temperature of copolymerization and the obtained Young’s modulus values by Ant were lower than those obtained by autocodensation reaction. Best Young’ modulus values were obtained by Ant at pH 5 and 7. Ana gave the best Young’s modulus values at pH 4 and 5 indicating that the autocondensation appears to depress the copolymerization reactions. The obtained results by both reactions were very important from technical and economical point of view as they concluded that it is very possible to produce adhesives system with zero emission depending on the tannins autocondensation reaction and pH values. Reduction of formaldehyde emission was also possible upon addition of smaller amount of paraformaldehyde and Urea.     

日本包装废物管理体系和产生特性分析

介绍了日本的资源循环法律体系和促进容器包装分类回收和再商品化的法律和有关方针，介绍了日本容器和包装的管理体制和主要措施，以及各类包装废物回收利用状况和特点。     

A comparison of the comprehensive municipal solid waste management systems of the region of Prague and the principality of Asturias. the influence of collection systems and municipality size on the waste collection and the recycling rates

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The correct management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a critical factor in the protection of the environment, as well as a source for the...     

On the Methods for the Delimitation of Seasons

It is well known that air pollution is one of the major factors affecting human health and the activities in a town. Among the various air pollutants an interesting one, especially for sunny climates, is the reactive O₃. O₃ varies significantly through the year; it is therefore very important to know the onset and the duration of the warm period of the year since at that time O₃ concentrations increase significantly. In this work, an attempt was made to determine the onset of warm season of the year as well as its duration in various sites located in Northeastern Mediterranean. For this purpose, a fuzzy clustering method is used. The method was applied on the isobaric thickness between 1000 and 500 hPa for the period from 1974 to 1997. The results were compared to conventional methods based on synoptic classification and were found to be in good agreement.     

区域特性分析在广东烟气脱硫工艺优选中的应用

电厂优选烟气脱硫工艺时必须进行切合实际的区域特性分析。石灰石—石膏湿法烟气脱硫工艺成熟、稳定、高效，且具有适应广东区域特点的诸多优势，故存在着广阔的发展前景。     

Monitoring of the Degradation Activities and the Diversity of the Microbial Community Degrading Refinery Waste Sludge

The biodegradation of n-alkanes and branched alkanes from waste sludge were observed in landfarming soils of Motor Oil Hellas (a petroleum refinery) and changes in the bacterial communities in the soils were monitored during the remediation. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene (rDNA)-based community fingerprint patterns were obtained from soil samples by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Changes in T-RFLP fingerprints, as well as in the petroleum contaminant composition of the polluted soil, correlated with degradation activities in field tests.     

Revisiting the elemental composition and the calorific value of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes

In this work, the elemental content (C, N, H, S, O), the organic matter content and the calorific value of various organic components that are commonly found in the municipal solid waste stream were measured. The objective of this work was to develop an empirical equation to describe the calorific value of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste as a function of its elemental composition. The MSW components were grouped into paper wastes, food wastes, yard wastes and plastics. Sample sizes ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 kg. In addition to the above individual components, commingled municipal solid wastes were sampled from a bio-drying facility located in Crete (sample sizes ranged from 8 to 15 kg) and were analyzed for the same parameters. Based on the results of this work, an improved empirical model was developed that revealed that carbon, hydrogen and oxygen were the only statistically significant predictors of calorific value. Total organic carbon was statistically similar to total carbon for most materials in this work. The carbon to organic matter ratio of 26 municipal solid waste substrates and of 18 organic composts varied from 0.40 to 0.99. An approximate chemical empirical formula calculated for the organic fraction of commingled municipal solid wastes was C₃₂NH₅₅O₁₆.     

西海堤垃圾场和西田垃圾场陈垃圾特性研究

结合深圳市宝安区西海堤垃圾场和西田垃圾场现场实验,分析了陈垃圾的物理成分,并将其与新鲜垃圾物理成分作对比,得出易降解有机物含量、塑胶含量和无机物含量与陈垃圾稳定化的关系.     

Fundamental study of the behavior of chlorine during the combustion of single RDF

A fundamental study of the combustion characteristics and the de-HCl behavior of a single refuse-derived fuel (RDF) pellet was carried out to explain the de-HCl phenomena of RDF during fluidized bed combustion and to provide data for the development of high efficiency power generation technology using RDF. In this research, combustion and pyrolysis experiments were carried out in an electrical furnace using a series of model and actual RDF samples. The de-HCl capability of Ca(OH)2 in RDF was evaluated by measuring the emission fraction of HCl in the flue gas and the capture fraction of Cl in the residue. It was found that the capture fraction of Cl components in the residue increased from 0 to nearly 70% when the molar ratio of Ca/Cl was changed from 0 to around 13. Apparently, the capture fraction also decreased with increasing oxygen concentration in the feed gas. The devolatilization process of RDF was confirmed to be a very important part of de-HCl process. The effect of temperature profile of the RDF pellet on the de-HCl process, as it varies with the heating rate of RDF and the oxygen concentration in the vicinity of the sample, is discussed.     

Adapting the Speciation of the VOCs Emission Inventory in the Greater Athens Area

An adaptation procedure of a new emission inventory of theGreater Athens Area is attempted, based on a sensitivityanalysis on the treatment of the VOC emissions. Throughthis procedure the impact that a more detailed treatment ofthe VOCs emissions might have on the atmospheric chemistrysimulations, is examined. For this analysis three differentchemical mechanisms were applied for two differentlocations (urban and city plume) with different VOC andNO_x mixture characteristics. Finally, this studyrecommends new carbon fractions, reflecting the localconditions in Athens basin.     

落实工作任务 推进农业再生资源利用工作

农业再生资源是再生资源的一个特殊而重要的组成部分,开展农业再生资源回收利用是再生资源产业向新领域的拓展,是助农增收、为"三农"服务的有效途径,是事关新农村建设的重要课题。本刊根据2009年12月18日中再生协会农业再生资源利用专业委员会成立大会暨2009年海峡两岸农业再生资源综合利用研讨会上的相关资料,刊发一组领导讲话,以使读者了解和认识实施农业再生资源回收利用的现实背景和重大意义。     

以《循环经济促进法》为指导，提高资源综合利用水平

<循环经济促进法>立法的目的和意义,是为了促进循环经济发展,提高资源利用效率,保护和改善环境,促进可持续发展.以此为指导,介绍了我国资源综合利用的进展和发展前景,为全面贯彻落实<循环经济促进法>,提高我国资源综合利用率和利用水平,提出12点建议.     

Effect of the Incorporation of Lysozyme on the Properties of Jackfruit Starch Films

Jackfruit starch based biodegradable films containing lysozyme were characterized for their antimicrobial activity, thickness, solubility, water vapor permeability and mechanical properties. The biodegradable films had good appearance and antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The thickness of the biodegradable films were not affected by the variation in pH, but the addition of lysozyme increased the thickness, the thickest films being those with the highest lysozyme concentrations. The variation in pH of the filmogenic solutions affected the solubility of the biodegradable films, water solubility being greatest at pH 7.0 and with the highest lysozyme concentration. The permeability of the biodegradable films was increased by incorporating lysozyme. The lysozyme concentration and pH variation caused changes in the mechanical properties. The addition of 8% lysozyme increased the tensile strength and Young’s modulus for all the pH values studied. With respect to the release of antimicrobial activity, the diffusion of lysozyme was shown to follow Fickian transport mechanism.     

欧盟电子电器产品生态设计新法中的责任规范研究

当前,快速升级更新的电子电器产品极大地便利和丰富了人们的生活,但随之而来的是数量庞大的电子废弃物,造成严重的资源浪费和环境污染。为解决电子废弃物难题,各国纷纷制定法律和政策形成相应的管理制度,而生态设计逐步成为其中的核心环节。欧盟颁布的电子电器产品生态设计指令将多个主体纳入责任制度框架,体现了科学合理的生产者延伸责任、销售者补充责任和监管部门核查验证责任,对于各国未来建立和完善电子产品生态设计责任条款,全面发展循环经济有着重要的借鉴意义。     

A Review of the Fate and Effects of Silicones in the Environment

Silicones are well-known useful materials varying in structure, reactivity, and chemical and physical properties, but they all contain a covalent bond between the silicon atom and an organic group. Most common of these polymers are those based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) having a siloxane (Si–O–Si) repeat unit and two methyl groups on each silicon atom. All these polymers are manmade, and the organosilicon linkage is not found in nature. It was therefore erroneously assumed that these polymers do not degrade naturally in the environment. It is the purpose of this review to refute this myth and to describe the degradation processes of PDMS in the environment and any potential ecological impact on the terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric compartments. Although it was found that minor degradation takes place by hydrolysis of PDMS to dimethylsilandiol followed by oxidation of the methyl group to aldehyde and ultimately to CO₂ by Arthobacter and Fusarium oxysporium schlechtendahl, the major degradation processes are abiotic. High molecular weight PDMS are initially depolymerized by soil hydrolysis of the siloxane bonds to yield organosilanol terminated oligomers. These organosilanols and low molecular weight linear PDMS and cyclics are evaporated into the atmosphere and are oxidized there by hydroxyl radicals to benign silica, water, and CO₂.