中国再生塑料回收利用行业状况及发展预测(续二)

(接上期) 4 国外再生塑料发展状况 4. 1 欧洲塑料回收情况 据报道,欧洲再生塑料平均回收率在 45%以上,德国塑料回收率达 60%.再生塑料在环保意识强的德国市场前景可观.目前德国注重包装材料回收,许多超市都备有不同的容器,以便就地分类回收顾客不需要的包装.     

我国农药包装材料废弃物污染现状及循环利用对策初探

我国是农业大国,大量的农药包装材料废弃物给农村环境和人畜安全带来了严重的威胁,同时也造成了资源浪费。分析了我国农药包装材料废弃物的现状与危害,以及目前我国对农药包装废弃物的主要处理方式和存在的问题。对比了国内外农药包装废弃物处理现状,提出了借助农药特有的销售渠道,建立有效的回收体系,并通过技术创新,实现农药包装废弃物的循环利用。     

包装废弃物再生利用的成本效益组成分析

包装废弃物的再生利用是包装工业可持续发展的重要保障.对包装废弃物再生利用的成本组成和效益组成进行分析,有助于降低运营成本,提高运营效益.指出影响包装废弃物再生利用的成本组成有:回收支付成本、回收运输成本、检测分类成本、拆卸分离成本、再利用修复成本、资源化生产成本和环境保护成本；效益组成主要有:再利用修复效益、资源化生产效益和环境保护效益.通过优化各个影响因素,企业实现以最低的成本获取最大的生产效益.     

日本容器包装废弃物管理制度及其启示

1997年,日本开始实施《容器包装再生利用法》,要求特定企业对玻璃瓶、PET瓶、纸质容器包装和塑料容器包装进行再商品化利用.经过20多年的发展,日本形成了较完善的容器包装废弃物再生利用体系.介绍了日本《容器包装再生利用法》的出台背景、容器包装废弃物的管理制度、分类基准、再利用情况等.日本容器包装废弃物的管理制度对我国具...     

废铝塑包装分离技术研制成功

河南省沈丘县科协高新技术研究所新近研制出一种废铝塑包装回收再利用技术,使不易回收的废铝塑包装,既能分离出塑料又能制铝. 铝塑复合包装被广泛应用于食品、制药等众多行业的产品包装.随着用量的逐年递增,其废弃料、边角料也随之增加.由于铝与塑料粘在一起,不能直接用来炼铝,也不能生产再生塑料,只能被废弃焚烧,既污染环境又浪费资源.沈丘县科协高新技术研究所经过上百次的试验,采用简易设备,运用"二次化学反应法 "实现了铝塑的分离.每吨废铝塑包装可分离出0.85 t再生塑料及0.1 t废铝,既保护了环境,又获得了显著的经济效益.     

日本容器包装废塑料再生利用现状及对我国的启示

介绍了日本“容器包装再生法”的相关规定和实施过程，以及日本容器包装废塑料的回收、再生利用状况，并借鉴其先进经验，结合我国实际情况，指出发展我国废塑料循环利用的重要性，并提出具体建议措施。     

英国包装废物管理、产生和回收经验

英国制定了包装管理法规，提出了国家回收目标和公司回收目标。英国包装废物的总体回收率和再生利用率逐年提高，通过良好的环保理念、宣传措施、经济措施和建立回收体系，实现提高全社会参与包装废物回收和利用的水平。     

废旧聚乙烯的再生处理技术

从废旧聚乙烯的直接再生、改性再生和裂解再生三个方面,讨论了国内外处理和再生利用的情况,并对其再生技术与应用做了比较.我国处理和回收利用废旧聚乙烯时,要加强生物降解塑料等环境无负荷材料的研究与开发;加强固体废弃物的管理与循环利用的立法;实现经济与环境的和谐发展.     

废旧农膜的回收再生利用技术

废旧农膜的回收利用是关系到农业可持续发展的重要课题.通过对废旧农膜回收利用的几种主要途径的原理和特点的分析,指出了目前我国农用塑料薄膜的回收利用应以回收再生利用为主要发展方向,进一步论述了农膜的再生利用技术方法和前景,试验结果表明:将废旧农膜再生成塑料颗粒或农膜是值得肯定的一种有利可图的方案.     

废旧冰箱塑料回收再生利用技术研究

目前我国的废旧冰箱已进入了一个报废高峰期,且大量废旧冰箱塑料的处理问题已成为当今地球环境保护的热点问题,而我国又是一个人均资源占有量很低的国家,因此,对废旧冰箱塑料进行回收与再生利用则具有极其重要的意义.介绍了废旧冰箱塑料的物理再生利用、化学再生利用、生物降解、能源回收利用的技术和方法.     

Estimation of residual MSW heating value as a function of waste component recycling

Recycling of packaging wastes may be compatible with incineration within integrated waste management systems. To study this, a mathematical model is presented to calculate the fraction composition of residual municipal solid waste (MSW) only as a function of the MSW fraction composition at source and recycling fractions of the different waste materials. The application of the model to the Lisbon region yielded results showing that the residual waste fraction composition depends both on the packaging wastes fraction at source and on the ratio between that fraction and the fraction of the same material, packaging and non-packaging, at source. This behaviour determines the variation of the residual waste LHV. For 100% of paper packaging recycling, LHV reduces 4.2% whereas this reduction is of 14.4% for 100% of packaging plastics recycling. For 100% of food waste recovery, LHV increases 36.8% due to the moisture fraction reduction of the residual waste. Additionally the results evidence that the negative impact of recycling paper and plastic packaging on the LHV may be compensated by recycling food waste and glass and metal packaging. This makes packaging materials recycling and food waste recovery compatible strategies with incineration within integrated waste management systems.     

包装垃圾的分类与回收利用

包装垃圾是由废弃的包装物产生的固体垃圾,约占我国城市生活垃圾的1/3,虽然政府进行了必要回收,但仍有1/3以上的塑料、玻璃等包装物没能被有效回收利用,成了填埋场的主要填埋物,造成了环境污染和土地、石油等不可再生资源大量浪费。从回收利用和源头减量两方面提出包装垃圾的应对,一是对包装垃圾按来源、成分等进行详细分类,并建议回收处置方法;二是从制定行业政策方面来减少过度包装和扶持再生资源行业健康发展,有效处置包装垃圾等可再生资源。     

Recovery and distribution of incinerated aluminum packaging waste

A study was performed into relations between physical properties of aluminum packaging waste and the corresponding aluminum scraps in bottom ash from three typical incineration processes. First, Dutch municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash was analyzed for the identifiable beverage can alloy scraps in the +2mm size ranges using chemical detection and X-ray fluorescence. Second, laboratory-scale pot furnace tests were conducted to investigate the relations between aluminum packaging in base household waste and the corresponding metal recovery rates. The representative packaging wastes include beverage cans, foil containers and thin foils. Third, small samples of aluminum packaging waste were incinerated in a high-temperature oven to determine leading factors influencing metal recovery rates. Packaging properties, combustion conditions, presence of magnesium and some specific contaminants commonly found in household waste were investigated independently in the high-temperature oven. In 2007, the bottom ash (+2mm fraction) from the AEB MSWI plant was estimated to be enriched by 0.1 wt.% of aluminum beverage cans scrap. Extrapolating from this number, the recovery potential of all eleven MSWI plants in the Netherlands is estimated at 720 ton of aluminum cans scrap. More than 85 wt.% of this estimate would end up in +6mm size fractions and were amenable for efficient recycling. The pot furnace tests showed that the average recovery rate of metallic aluminum typically decreases from beverage cans (93 wt.%) to foil containers (85 wt.%) to thin foils (77 wt.%). The oven tests showed that in order of decreasing impact the main factors promoting metallic aluminum losses are the packaging type, combustion temperature, residence time and salt contamination. To a lesser degree magnesium as alloying element, smaller packaging size and basic contaminations may also promote losses.     

Rapid discrimination of plastic packaging materials using MIR spectroscopy coupled with independent components analysis (ICA)

Plastic packaging wastes increased considerably in recent decades, raising a major and serious public concern on political, economical and environmental levels. Dealing with this kind of problems is generally done by landfilling and energy recovery. However, these two methods are becoming more and more expensive, hazardous to the public health and the environment. Therefore, recycling is gaining worldwide consideration as a solution to decrease the growing volume of plastic packaging wastes and simultaneously reduce the consumption of oil required to produce virgin resin. Nevertheless, a major shortage is encountered in recycling which is related to the sorting of plastic wastes. In this paper, a feasibility study was performed in order to test the potential of an innovative approach combining mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy with independent components analysis (ICA), as a simple and fast approach which could achieve high separation rates. This approach (MIR-ICA) gave 100% discrimination rates in the separation of all studied plastics: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polylactide (PLA). In addition, some more specific discriminations were obtained separating plastic materials belonging to the same polymer family e.g. high density polyethylene (HDPE) from low density polyethylene (LDPE). High discrimination rates were obtained despite the heterogeneity among samples especially differences in colors, thicknesses and surface textures. The reproducibility of the proposed approach was also tested using two spectrometers with considerable differences in their sensitivities. Discrimination rates were not affected proving that the developed approach could be extrapolated to different spectrometers. MIR combined with ICA is a promising tool for plastic waste separation that can help improve performance in this field; however further technological improvements and developments are required before it can be applied at an industrial level given that all tests presented here were performed under laboratory conditions.     

On the effect of MSW moisture content on meeting target recycling rates

A mathematical model to calculate the recycle rates for packaging materials from the municipal solid wastes (MSW) built from the dry mass values that are obtained from the corresponding wet masses and their respective moisture contents is presented in this work. A possible universal methodology is also described to be used with the previous model so that reliable comparisons between indicators for different regions are feasible. Furthermore, this mathematical model demonstrates the effect of the moisture content of packaging materials on their recycling rates and constitutes a fundamental tool for operators and persons responsible for MSW management to define new policies and technical measures viewing the improvement of recycling rates. A theoretical study and the application of the model to the MEMSW of the Lisbon region shows that the moisture content of the mixed wastes plays a dominant role in the recycling rates of packaging materials such as paper, plastics and glass. Moreover, accounting for all relevant masses in the dry basis yields higher recycling rate values: increases of 32.8% for paper, 50% for plastics and 44.6% glass are observed.     

Orange Juice Processing Waste as a Biopolymer Base for Biodegradable Film Formation Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofiber and Activated with Nettle Essential Oil

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Concerns about environmental problems have led to the development of biodegradable packaging. Food wastes as a byproduct could be a good source for...     

Hydrothermal carbonization of food waste and associated packaging materials for energy source generation

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermal conversion technique that converts food wastes and associated packaging materials to a valuable, energy-rich resource. Food waste collected from local restaurants was carbonized over time at different temperatures (225, 250 and 275 °C) and solids concentrations to determine how process conditions influence carbonization product properties and composition. Experiments were also conducted to determine the influence of packaging material on food waste carbonization. Results indicate the majority of initial carbon remains integrated within the solid-phase at the solids concentrations and reaction temperatures evaluated. Initial solids concentration influences carbon distribution because of increased compound solubilization, while changes in reaction temperature imparted little change on carbon distribution. The presence of packaging materials significantly influences the energy content of the recovered solids. As the proportion of packaging materials increase, the energy content of recovered solids decreases because of the low energetic retention associated with the packaging materials. HTC results in net positive energy balances at all conditions, except at a 5% (dry wt.) solids concentration. Carbonization of food waste and associated packaging materials also results in net positive balances, but energy needs for solids post-processing are significant. Advantages associated with carbonization are not fully realized when only evaluating process energetics. A more detailed life cycle assessment is needed for a more complete comparison of processes.     

Recovery of PET from packaging plastics mixtures by wet shaking table

Recycling requires the separation of materials appearing in a mass of wastes of heterogeneous composition and characteristics, into single, almost pure, component/material flows. The separation of materials (e.g., some types of plastics) with similar physical properties (e.g., specific gravity) is often accomplished by human sorting. This is the case of the separation of packaging plastics in municipal solid wastes (MSW). The low cost of virgin plastics and low value of recycled plastics necessitate the utilization of low cost techniques and processes in the recycling of packaging plastics. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of production of a PET product, cleaned from PVC and PS, using a wet shaking table. The wet shaking table is an environmentally friendly process, widely used to separate minerals, which has low capital and operational costs. Some operational variables of the equipment, as well as different feed characteristics, were considered. The results show that the separation of these plastics is feasible although, similarly to the mineral field, in somewhat complex flow sheets.     

Utilization of Industrial Wastes from Mining and Packaging Industries in Wood-Plastic Composites

The manufacturing industry produces a lot of different by-products and waste. In this research, the utilization of different industrial wastes as a part of wood-plastic composites was tested. Limestone waste and carton cutting waste were tested by replacing part of the reinforcing fibers of the composite with these materials. The materials were made with the extrusion process, and they were tested for their mechanical properties, water absorption and thickness swelling. The materials were also viewed with a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that both industrial wastes affected the properties of the composite. Mining waste in the composite improved the moisture properties, impact strength and hardness of the material. Carton cutting waste improved the impact strength remarkably.     

Solid industrial wastes and their management in Asegra (Granada, Spain)

ASEGRA is an industrial area in Granada (Spain) with important waste management problems. In order to properly manage and control waste production in industry, one must know the quantity, type, and composition of industrial wastes, as well as the management practices of the companies involved. In our study, questionnaires were used to collect data regarding methods of waste management used in 170 of the 230 businesses in the area of study. The majority of these companies in ASEGRA are small or medium-size, and belong to the service sector, transport, and distribution. This was naturally a conditioning factor in both the type and management of the wastes generated. It was observed that paper and cardboard, plastic, wood, and metals were the most common types of waste, mainly generated from packaging (49% of the total volume), as well as material used in containers and for wrapping products. Serious problems were observed in the management of these wastes. In most cases they were disposed of by dumping, and very rarely did businesses resort to reuse, recycling or valorization. Smaller companies encountered greater difficulties when it came to effective waste management. The most frequent solution for the disposal of wastes in the area was dumping.